Dear Prof. Alokmay.

You have offered an interesting discussion.

Capping plays a multifaceted role. For example, reverse microemulsions play the role of capping to limit the growth of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles. And what is the role of caping in obtaining the water droplets themselves, where nanoparticles are synthesized? Their size is supported by a critical phenomenon in this region of the ratio of hydrocarbon to water.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227228712_Relationship_between_size_of_cadmium_sulfide_nanoparticles_and_water_pool_diameter_in_reverse_micelles

Another example. Nanoparticles in the direct micelles were traditionally obtained in anionic surfactant solutions. According to a classical micelle model, Mn and Co ions were believed to be located at an adsorption layer and were ready for nucleation. Hence, the nanoparticles cannot be obtained in the micelles of the cationic surfactants. This work presents Co and Mn nanoparticles synthesis in the direct micelles of cetyl pyridinium chloride for validation of condensation centers (nanoparticles) inside the micelles. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320671604_The_Structure_of_Mn_and_Co_Nanoparticles_Obtained_in_Direct_Surfactant_Micelles [accessed Feb 12 2019]

. Such capping occurs as a result of the special dual structure of the direct surfactant micelles.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325169774_Quantum_entanglement_in_micellar_solutions_of_ionic_surfactants

Thanks a lot for your excellent inputs. Do you know of any work connecting chain length of organic cappings with efficiency of energy transfer or functionality?

This may be of interest:

Article On the Role of Capping Agent in Wet Synthesis of Nanoparticles

I am really interested about this! Please send me a copy.

Attached copy of Article On the Role of Capping Agent in Wet Synthesis of Nanoparticles

above to original post highlighting this paper.

Thank you!

Please go through the attached papers that are relevant to the discussion.

We used Laser Ablation in liquid with PEI for capping nanoparticles, have a look to this work. Au AND Cu NANOPARTICLES AND CLUSTERS SYNTHESIZED BY PULSED LASER ABLATION: EFFECTS OF POLYETHYLENIMINE (PEI) COATING.

@Professor Menchaca, please send the pdf file of the paper.

see: Article Au and Cu nanoparticles and clusters synthesized by pulsed l...

This is a very interesting topic. The possibilities of functionality and applicability are enormous. for example, we coated gold nanoparticles with tyrosine to attach rare earth ions (gadolinium in this case) . These systems were thinked for application on MRI, however, we found that this particular configuration coul be used to SERS sensing. We observed an enhancement factor of the SERS signal in the presence of Gd3 + ions was ~5 times higher than that produced by L-tyrosine adsorbed on gold nanoparticles. The enhancement of the SERS signal can be attributed to a corresponding increase in the local electric field due to the presence of Gd3 + ions in the vicinity of a gold dimer configuration. This scenario was confirmed by solving numerically Maxwell equations, showing an increase of 1 order of magnitude in the local electric scattered field when the Gd3 + ion is located in between a gold dimer compared with naked gold nanoparticles.

have a look to this work https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288908713_Surface_Enhanced_Raman_Scattering_of_Amino_Acids_Assisted_by_Gold_Nanoparticles_and_Gd3_Ions_vol_119_pg_4127_2015

The so-called "entropy " doesn't exist at all.

During the process of deriving the so-called entropy, in fact, ΔQ/T can not be turned into dQ/T. That is, the so-called "entropy " doesn't exist at all.

The so-called entropy was such a concept that was derived by mistake in history.

It is well known that calculus has a definition,

any theory should follow the same principle of calculus; thermodynamics, of course, is no exception, for there's no other calculus at all, this is common sense.

Based on the definition of calculus, we know:

to the definite integral ∫T f(T)dQ, only when Q=F(T), ∫T f(T)dQ=∫T f(T)dF(T) is meaningful.

As long as Q is not a single-valued function of T, namely, Q=F( T, X, …), then,

∫T f(T)dQ=∫T f(T)dF(T, X, …) is meaningless.

1) Now, on the one hand, we all know that Q is not a single-valued function of T, this alone is enough to determine that the definite integral ∫T f(T)dQ=∫T 1/TdQ is meaningless.

2) On the other hand, In fact, Q=f(P, V, T), then

∫T 1/TdQ = ∫T 1/Tdf(T, V, P)= ∫T dF(T, V, P) is certainly meaningless. ( in ∫T , T is subscript ).

We know that dQ/T is used for the definite integral ∫T 1/TdQ, while ∫T 1/TdQ is meaningless, so, ΔQ/T can not be turned into dQ/T at all.

that is, the so-called "entropy " doesn't exist at all.

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.

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Why did the wrong "entropy" appear ?

In summary , this was due to the following two reasons:

1) Physically, people didn't know Q=f(P, V, T).

2) Mathematically, people didn't know AΔB couldn‘t become AdB directely .

If people knew any one of them, the mistake of entropy would not happen in history.

Please read my paper and those answers of the questions related to my paper in my Projects.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230554936_Entropy_A_concept_that_is_not_a_physical_quantity

Dear Dr. Zhang,

What will you suggest as an alternative quantity to entropy that would flow from a smaller part to a larger part in the phase space?

Dear Alokmay Datta,

The so-called "phase space" does not make sense at all.

I indeed have a new theory that includes Second law of thermodynamics.