Hello All.

I have come across several articles that mention systemic oxidative stress biomarkers and their association with specific conditions. These articles list total bilirubin, creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), fibrinogen, and albumin as indicators of oxidative stress. This has left me confused, as the roles of these factors are well-established, and they are not directly linked to oxidative stress, which is a cellular process with well-known markers like MDA, glutathione, and oxidized LDL. How can these indicators be considered directly related to oxidative stress? Could you please clarify this for me? I would greatly appreciate it.