TGA is an appropriate approach for calculating the values of entrapped or encapsulated biomolecules along with XRD and so forth. So you should take three TGA tests including pure NP, pure biomolecule, and grafted biomolecule on NPs and the compare the weight loss amounts, and obtain the grafted values.
You can use the following manuscript:
Article Targeting delivery of Oxaliplatin with smart PEG-modified PA...
Please look at the TGA grafting density calculations procedure in [1] on page 4 and same calculations procedure concept also found in [2] (see equation 1). Hope my contribution is helpful and any feedback is welcome for more explanations.