“Equation dooms the universe to chaos” (“Science Illustrated” – Issue #104, pp.80-81) states,
“A physicist would describe entropy as a measure of how much energy is spread between the molecules of a closed system (say, a gold ingot).”
And “… all molecules in the universe will, according to current theory, end up in one big lukewarm mess (in 10^26 years).”
The article illustrates this with the formula Δ S ≥ 0 (change of entropy is bigger than, or equal to, zero).
This is one possible formula. Another is Δ S = 0 (change of entropy equals zero). This alternative is possible because the universe may not be a closed system. In general, most physicists today have faith that a successful theory of Quantum Gravity will be found someday. Such a Theory of Everything would reconcile two theories that are in apparent conflict – our best explanation of the microscopic world (Quantum Mechanics) and the best description we have of gravity (General Relativity).
The molecules in a gold ingot are connected in what appears to be a closed system. Quantum Gravity might conceivably connect all the molecules existing in space-time … in the universe as well as every period of time. But the universe could not be considered a closed system if it’s literally infinite and eternal. Throughout history, and including the present, speculation that the cosmos is infinite and eternal has never gone away. Despite the claim that the universe is finite and began at a definite point in linear time, knowledge of its origin is uncertain (the James Webb Space Telescope could make even the most dedicated proponent of the Big Bang doubtful at some point). We all have our theories and convictions but I believe it’s best to never say our deepest convictions can’t be incorrect.
If the cosmos is not a closed system, the heat produced by each of its seemingly closed systems wouldn’t simply be wasted. The energy created by the entropic 2nd Law of Thermodynamics would be diverted into the 1st Law of Thermodynamics i.e. the total mass-energy in the universe would forever remain constant, with mass and energy being converted into one another. It might be said that although no component of the universe can display the perpetual motion of existing forever, it’s plausible to regard the entire universe (entirety of spacetime) as in perpetual motion.
There is no reason to believe that the universe is a closed system, that’s only because there’s nowhere that can be outside it.
But where does it go the information that travels in a straight line?
And here comes my weird thinking, dark energy could miss energy because of the matter traveling inside it, is not the termal radiation, is the motion.
It makes no sense to talk about a “perpetual motion machine” in the classical sense. Another thing is a free engine. But not at a primitive level - hydraulic turbines and so on - but at a fundamental level. In this case, a free engine means a non-equilibrium pumping of energy from a vacuum using some kind of analogue of “Maxwell’s demon”. But what kind of problems such pumping will cause in nature - depends on its scale.
As for heat death, it's just the opposite of a singularity. And as always, there is only one way out of two opposites: quantum fluctuation saves. This was clear even at the time of Planck's discovery.
Causality and formal logic-based mainstream and official physics or philosophy (the "view of understanding", for Hegel), is incapable of comprehending the concept of the Infinite and the dialectical (the "view of reason" for Hegel) ontological "Being -Nothing" notion, of (particulate) matter and motion coming in and going out of existence in this Infinite, Eternal and Ever-changing universe!
"New Physics -The Negation of Einstein's Theories of Relativity - The Real Phenomenology of Space-Time-Matter-Motion": Article New Physics -The Negation of Einstein's Theories of Relativi...
RG Question: ""Ex nihilo nihil fit“? Are You Certain Mr. Einstein and Mr. Heisenberg?": https://www.researchgate.net/post/Ex_nihilo_nihil_fit_Are_You_Certain_Mr_Einstein_and_Mr_Heisenberg2
"The Infinite - As a Hegelian Philosophical Category and Its Implication for Modern Theoretical Natural Science": Article The Infinite - As a Hegelian Philosophical Category and Its ...
"The Philosophy of Space-Time: Whence Cometh "Matter" and "Motion"?": Article The Philosophy of Space-Time: Whence Cometh "Matter" and "Motion"?