If magnetic monopoles do not annihilate*, do magnetic monopoles still exist?
If magnetic monopoles do not exist, how should magnetism be described? Is it a bipolar magnetic charge?
If it is a bipolar magnetic charge, how can it exist, and what should be its relationship to a unipolar charge?
The understanding of magnetism has a very long history[2], but to this day we are still searching for what is at the root of magnetism[3], as well as trying to explain what the force of magnetism actually is, for example, facing difficulties with the explanation of the Meissner Effect[4].The MoEDAL-Collaboration† [6] , a scientific project dedicated to the search for monopole[8] and dyon‡[9] , to upgrade the original TeV scale energy levels to the GUT scale in 2022[7] .
There have been many ideas about the origin of magnetism, from the earliest Amperian (infinitesimal current loops) [10], the Gilbertian (infinitesimally short magnetic needles), spinning charged sphere[ edit 11]; the ultimate magnetic particle, the elementary magnet, the electron itself spinning like a tiny gyroscope [12], rotation of a ring-shaped negative charge [13], until W. Gerlach and O. Stern experimentally discovered the existence of a magnetic moment in the electron [19], followed by Pauli [14], R. d. L. Kronig [15], G. E. Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit [16] who defined the concept of an intronic electron spin, explaining the anomalous Zeeman effect. However, we still do not have an answer to the question of what exactly spin is [17], whether magnetism originates from a magnetic charge symmetric to the electric charge, and whether there exists a magnetic monopole symmetric to the electron.
The concept of magnetic monopoles was first introduced by Dirac, who called them "nodal lines" [18], and later gave the quantization condition for electric charge: eg=1/2(nhc). The interpretation is that magnetic charge must accompany electric charge. However there are numerous ideas about magnetic monopoles [7], indicating that our knowledge of it is still uncertain.
Our question is:
In reality we do not find any signs of the existence of magnetic monopoles, all we find are two poles of magnetism, this is true for microscopic electron particles and also for macroscopic electromagnets. The two poles of magnetism coexist in one body and never separate. It is impossible for a mechanism to exist here that would bond positive and negative magnetic monopoles together without causing them to cancel each other out. Nor can there exist a bipolar field that is both positive and negative at one point. Therefore, there can only exist a rational model that still resembles a current ring with a unipolar magnetic field traversing it. This appears to constitute two opposite poles on both sides of the ring.
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Notes：
* Weinberg addressed three puzzles, flatness, horizon and magnetic monopoles, in his account of the cosmic inflation in the book [1]. When talking about magnetic monopoles, it is argued that there was a magnetic monopole/photon ratio at the beginning of the Big Bang, which assumes a condition "if magnetic monopoles do not annihilate each other". This assumption triggered the topic.
† the Monopole and Exotics Detector at the LHC.
‡ dyon is a Magnetic Model of Matter proposed by Schwinger, which carries both electric and magnetic charges.
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References：
[1] Weinberg, S. (2008). COSMOLOGY, Oxford University Press. Chinese version, p162;
[2] Milton, K. A. (2006). "Theoretical and experimental status of magnetic monopoles." Reports on Progress in Physics 69(6): 1637.
[3] J.Stohr, H. C. S. (2006). Magnetism: From Fundamentals to Nanoscale Dynamics, Higher Education Press.
[4] Kozhevnikov, V. (2021). "Meissner Effect: History of Development and Novel Aspects." Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism 34(8): 1979-2009.
[5] . "MoEDAL (the Monopole and Exotics Detector at the LHC) ".
[6] Acharya, B., J. Alexandre, P. Benes, K. S. Babu and etl. (2021). "First Search for Dyons with the Full MoEDAL Trapping Detector in 13 TeV p p Collisions." Physical Review Letters 126(7): 071801.
[7] MoEDAL-Collaboration and V. A. Mitsou (2022). "MoEDAL, MAPP and future endeavours."
[8] Preskill, J. (1984). "Magnetic monopoles." Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 34(1): 461-530.
[9] Schwinger, J. (1969). "A Magnetic Model of Matter: A speculation probes deep within the structure of nuclear particles and predicts a new form of matter." Science 165(3895): 757-761.
[10] Maxwell, J. C. (1873). A treatise on electricity and magnetism (电磁通论）, Beijing University Press (Clarendon press) 2010.
[11] Fahy, S. and C. O'Sullivan (2022). "All magnetic phenomena are NOT due to electric charges in motion." American Journal of Physics 90, 7 (2022).
[12] Compton, A. H. and O. Rognley (1920). "Is the Atom the Ultimate Magnetic Particle?" Physical Review 16(5): 464-476.
[13] Parson, A. L. (1915). "A magneton theory of the structure of the atom (with two plates)." Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections.
[14] Pauli, W. (1925). "On the connexion between the completion of electron groups in an atom with the complex structure of spectra." Zeitschrift für Physik 31 (1925): 765.
[15] Kronig, R. D. L. (1926). "Spinning Electrons and the Structure of Spectra." Nature 117(2946): 550-550.
[16] Uhlenbeck, G. E., and Samuel Goudsmit. (1925). "Ersetzung der Hypothese vom unmechanischen Zwang durch eine Forderung bezüglich des inneren Verhaltens jedes einzelnen Elektrons." Die Naturwissenschaften 13.47 (1925): 953-954.
[17] Chian Fan, et al. (2023). "Is the spin of an electron really spin?", from https://www.researchgate.net/post/No9_Is_the_spin_of_an_electron_really_spin.
[18] Dirac, P. A. M. (1931). "Quantised singularities in the electromagnetic field." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character 133(821): 60-72.
[19] Gerlach, W. and O. Stern. (1922). "Der experimentelle Nachweis der Richtungsquantelung im Magnetfeld.
." Zeitschrift f¨ur Physik 9: 349-352.
Dear Chian Fan
We have the experimental proof that magnetic monopoles do exist, and that in fact, electrons are magnetic monopoles at any given moment. When 2 electrons couple in least action anti-parallel pairs to fill orbitals or to associate atoms via covalent bound, or establish Cooper pairs, they do not annihilate each other. The lab experimental proof of the possibility was made in 1998, published in 2013 and confirmed with real electrons one year later in 2014 by Kotler et al. Also retrospectively proven by the Stern-Gerlach experiment.
Explained and analyzed in Sections 10 and 11 of this recent article:
Article Electromagnetic and Kinematic Mechanics Synchronized in thei...
Dear André Michaud
It is very good to hear from you and thank you very much for your views, information and good works [1][2], references [3]. I haven't had time to read them in detail, but a preliminary look through them leads to the conclusion that there is no conflict on the surface.
The usual view is that magnetic H and electric E are symmetrical and both exist as positive and negative, positive and negative electric and magnetic charges. Therefore, annihilation occurs when positive and negative meet, whether it is a magnetic monopole that exists independently, or one that is bundled with electric charge. The objects described in the article you refer to are "bipolar", e.g., "magnetic fields appear statically bipolar at the macroscopic level as in bar Magnets" [2], “Because a single electron is a tiny magnet, every two electrons should influence each other's magnetic dipole orientation, just like magnets do” [3] ， Therefore there is no annihilation problem. My point here is also that there is no magnetic monopole that violates Gauss's theorem. All so-called magnetisms are equal "bipolar", so there must be Div H=0.
Best Regards, Chian Fan
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[1] Michaud, A. (2013). "On The Magnetostatic Inverse Cube Law and Magnetic Monopoles (Grounding Experiment)." 7: 2278-2800.
[2] Michaud, A. (2023). "Electromagnetic and Kinematic Mechanics Synchronized in their Common Vector Field: A Mathematical Relation (Extended Republication PI)."
[3] Kotler, S., N. Akerman, N. Navon, Y. Glickman and R. Ozeri (2014). "Measurement of the magnetic interaction between two bound electrons of two separate ions." Nature 510(7505): 376-380.
“【NO.23】If Magnetic Monopoles Would Annihilate Like Positive and Negative Electrons, Would Magnetism Still Exist?”
- as that is rigorously scientifically shown in the Shevchenko-Tokarevsky’s Planck scale 2007 initial model of Gravity and Electric Forces , more see
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365437307_The_informational_model_-_Gravity_and_Electric_Forces
- really there is no some fundamental Nature “Magnetic” force, and corresponding fundamentally independent “magnetic field”. Really there exist only fundamental Nature Electric force – and corresponding Electric Force’s mediators, flows of which compose “electric field” ,
- while magnetic fields are composed by the Electric force mediators, if an electric charge, which fundamentally constantly and always radiates the mediators, moves in 3D space. So the mediators obtain some additional momentum, and interact with other electric charges differently comparing with case when the charges are at rest.
So really there fundamentally cannot exist any “magnetic charges” – “magnetic monopoles”, their annihilations, etc.
More see the link above.
Cheers
Chian Fan
You wrote: "so there must be Div H=0."
If you were to deeply analyze the inner structure of any localized elementary particle in the trispatial geometry perspective, you will eventually observe that Div H=0 is systematically respected in all circumstances, for the reason that both the source and sink of the oscillating magnetic field of each particle is located at the center of presence of each particle.
Thank you for your interest.
Best Regards, André
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