Dear Chian Fan.

Well, if I can not be shy, I will answer. And I will give a completely different point of view.

Everything in this world is discrete and represents a quantum of action h. Photons, electrons, protons, neutrons - all these are different manifestations of the same quantum of action. Look here:

Starting with de Broglie and Einstein, the quantum of action h can manifest itself both as momentum p and as energy ε of a particle, as well as a scale of quantum uncertainty in length λ and time τ.

h = p·λ

and

h = ε·τ,

where τ = 1/ν is a period of time or a “wave” period.

Thanks to Pauli, the quantum of action h can be an integer or half-integer proper angular momentum of the particle: s = ћ or s = ћ/2, where

h = ћ·2π.

After the discovery of the magnetic flux quantum μ, it became clear that the action quantum h can look like both a magnetic flux quantum and an elementary electric charge e.

h = e·μ.

All that remains is to connect the mass m of an elementary particle with the quantum of action h, and then all the basic properties of particles - static and dynamic - will be determined by it.

h = m·X.

Here X is nothing more than the flux of magnitude reciprocal of the Gaussian curvature 1/r. Why is this not a quantum of “gravity” for the mass of each elementary particle?!

(This whole thing above, entitled as “What Are Quanta of Action Really?” was one of the slides in my recent talk in Novosibirsk on the foundation of thermodynamics.)

P.S. I'll add one more important thing. Photons are excited states of only one, but very important “space - time”. Electrons, protons (and neutrons) are also excited states, but of a completely different “space”. Together they complement each other and make up the physical world that we are forced to observe around us.

Yours, Dulin Mikhail.

Dear Mikhail N Dulin

You have done a very good job.

I don't think your view and mine are "COMPLETELY DIFFERENT", but probably just about identical, except for the last PS.

h is exactly reflecting the relationship between light and "electric charge" and "magnetic charge". I will show this later.

h also reflects the relationship between mass and gravitational field. h is the bridge between QM and GR.

It would be perfectly fine if you could visualize your ideas.

I hope to be able to share your Slides "What Are Quanta of Action Really?"

Best Regards, Chian Fan

Dear Chian Fan:

According to Space and Energy Correlated Five Principles of The Universe, Yangton and Yington Bubbles (building blocks of Space) are created from None at Singularity with Bubble’s Corresponding Space and Bubble’s Internal Energy. And subsequently Wu’s Pairs (building blocks of Matter) are generated from Yangton and Yington Bubbles with Wu’s Pair Corresponding Space and Circulation Energy. The initial Wu’s Pairs are in the form of photons (free Wu’s Pairs) such as microwave with long wavelength based on CMB radiation. Time is generated accordingly to reflect the changes of distribution of energy and motion of matter. As a result, four elements of the universe: Space, Time, Energy and Matter can all be created together from None at the Singularity in Big Bang Explosion.

Best,

Edward

Chian Fan Mikhail N Dulin

All particles are quantized because they are all composed of Wu's Pairs, the building blocks of all matters. According to Yangton and Yington Theory, Wu's Pairs, a pair of superfine circulating antimatter particles, are the building blocks of all matters. Also, photon is a free Wu's Pair traveling in space.

A. Photon

According to Whirlpool Theory, for a photon

E = κmyyν

E = PC

P = κmyy/λ

λ = κmyy/P

Given

h = κmyy

Where myy is Wu’s Unit Mass, κ is Whirlpool Constant and h is Planck Constant. This is called “Wu’s Unit Mass Equation”.

Therefore,

E = hν

E = PC

P = h/λ

λ = h/P

Where E is the kinetic energy, P is the momentum, λ is the wavelength and ν is the frequency of a photon, h is the Planck constant 6.626 × 10-34 m2kg/s.

It is believed that during the photon separation process, the string energy associated with the string force between two Wu’s Pairs on the surface of the substance is converted to the kinetic energy of the photon.

Since whirlpool constant κ is unknown, Planck constant h can be used in the representation of E, P and λ for a spinning particle of mass m as follows:

E = (m/myy) hν

P = (m/myy) h/λ

λ = (m/myy) h/P

These are called “Wu’s Particle Mass Equations”

B. Electron

For an electron circulating around the atomic nucleus, the wavelength caused by the spin of electron can be represented as:

λ = meκ/P

Because

h = κmyy

Therefore,

λ = (me/myy) h/P

Where me is the mass of an electron, myy is the mass of photon and h is Planck Constant.

According to Bohr model,

2πR = nλ = n(me/myy) h/P

me(V2/R) = KZ(e2/R2)

E = - ½ meV2

Also,

ħ = h/2π

Therefore,

λ = (me/myy)h/P

V = (KZe2/meR)1/2

R = (n2ħ2/meKZe2)(me/myy)2

P = me(KZe2)/(nħ)(me/myy)

E = - ½ me(KZe2)2/(n2ħ2)(me/myy)2

Since me/myy is the amount of Wu’s Pairs in an electron, it is a constant and as is (me/myy)2. As a result, De Broglie wavelength, momentum and energy of electron can be calculated based on Bohr Model. In fact, all Planck constant h in the old formula should be replaced by (me/myy)h in the revised version.

“How the view of space-time is unified (1) - God's Gauge”

- to answer/comment the question above really scientifically it is necessary before to define scientifically what are “space”, “time”, [and so “space-time”, though”], and “God”; while all these fundamental phenomena/notions in mainstream philosophy and sciences, including physics, really are transcendent/uncertain/irrational

- since are actualizations of other fundamental phenomena/notions, first of all “Matter” “Consciousness”, “Space”, “Time”, “Energy”, “Information”, which a are fundamentally completely transcendent/uncertain/irrational in the mainstream;

, – and so, say. everything in Matter, i.e. “particles”, “fields”, etc. really is completely logically inevitably fundamentally transcendent/uncertain/irrational as well.

The fundamental phenomena/notions above can be, and are, rigorously scientifically defined only in framework of the philosophical 2007 Shevchenko-Tokarevsky’s “The Information as Absolute” conception, recent version of the basic paper see

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363645560_The_Information_as_Absolute_-_2022_ed

- and more concretely in physics in the Shevchenko-Tokarevsky’s informational physical model, 3 main papers are

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354418793_The_Informational_Conception_and_the_Base_of_Physics

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367397025_The_Informational_Physical_Model_and_Fundamental_Problems_in_Physics

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369357747_The_informational_model_-Nuclear_Force

Including in the conception it is rigorously shown that “God hypothesis” at considering the main cosmological problem “How Matter started to be”, as that an informational system “Matter” in the “Information” Set was created by some other informational system in the Set - extremely mighty and smart Consciousness is completely scientific hypothesis, , more see 3-rd link, section “Cosmology”.

Including from the conception/model above it follows that

“…When God built the world, he needed an absolute ruler to measure space, an absolute clock to measure time.….”

- really is rather irrational claim. “Space” and “Time” are absolutely fundamental phenomena – “Logos” set elements [“Logos” set elements “make something to be an informational pattern system”, and so everything can exist only in her/his/its concrete space, and can universally change only in one, absolutely fundamentally universal in whole Set, time dimension], and so Creator could create Matter only in Matter’s space,

- what happened at creation absolutely “automatically”, however every concrete space of every concrete infopattern/system is determined “just by the pattern/system” - by the pattern/system’s degreases of freedom at changing its state.

So Creator at creation also automaticallydetermined Matter’s space. At that Matter is rather simple – but beautifully smartly organized – logical system that is based on binary reversible logics, and so Matter’s ultimate base is the Matter’s aether –

– primary elementary logical structures – binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE], which have (at least) [4+4+1] degrease of freedom at their changes of state – “binary flips”, which so compose the (at least) [4+4+1]4D dense lattice, which is placed in the corresponding Matter’s fundamentally absolute, fundamentally flat, and fundamentally “Cartesian”, (at least) [4+4+1]4D spacetime with metrics (at least) (cτ,X,Y,Z, g,w,e,s,ct).

At that the whole, by definition infinite, spacetime “appeared automatically” just at the first FLE was created.

Both - “space” and “time” by definition fundamentally haven’t some intrinsic/own measures, and so in the space/time/spacetime only relative comparisons of space and time intervals are possible. Since Matter is completely rigorously organized system that is based on a set of fundamental, and fundamentally universal, laws/links/constants, it is possible to establish universal etalons of space and tome intervals, in SI that are meter and second.

Including in the model it is rigorously scientifically explained - what are “particles” and “fields” in Matter, including in this case nothing “fundamental” is in “photons” – photons are seems utmost banal particles in Matter in now already number of hundreds particles zoo,

- while the “speed of light”, c, exists as really fundamental constant only because everything in Matter is/are some disturbances in the FLE lattice; the disturbances always constantly move in the lattice with the 4D velocities that have identical absolute values be equal to, c, i.e. c[bold means 4D vector]; what is determined by mean FLE parameters – “FLE size” and “FLE binary flip time interval”, which are equal to Planck length, lP, and Planck time, tP; c=lP/tP.

Cheers

Sergey Shevchenko

Space and Time are nature quantities. They don’t change with anything at all. However, the Dimension of a corresponding identical object and Duration of a corresponding identical event are associated quantities of the object and event. They can change with local gravitational field and aging of the universe. Most people don’t understand the differences of “Space” and “Time” with respect to “Dimension” and “Duration”, even including Einstein himself. It is why Special Relativity is based on a wrong postulation that light speed is constant. Also, General Relativity is derived from a wrong theory that space and time are driven by acceleration instead of gravitational field. Even more, Einstein created a magic word “Spacetime” trying to correlate space and time together, which in fact is only a property (potential energy) of the object or event reflecting the local gravitational field and aging of the universe. Also, Einstein’s Field Equation is nothing but a transformation of energy based field equation from a nonlinear geometry system (geodesics) to a Normal Spacetime System (Cartesian Coordinate System) on earth.

Dear Edward Wu

Appreciate your imagination.

But there are some details that need to be clarified.

For example, in your sentence "As a result, four elements of the universe: Space, Time, Energy and Matter can all be created together from None at the Singularity in Big Bang Explosion.", what is "energy" and "matter"? What is the relationship between them? How can energy and matter be created from None, or from the Big Bang singularity? You could go on to ask, what is "None"? Why does "none" exist? what is a "singularity"? Where it comes from? How do you physically distinguish between a singularity in this equation and a singularity in another different equation? If you're going to set them up as axioms, on what grounds? Without reasonable answers to questions such as these, we will lose the basis for further research.

Best Regards, Chian Fan

Chian Fan

Yangton and Yington Theory

Yangton and Yington Theory is a hypothetical theory based on a pair of superfine Yangton and Yington antimatter particles with built-in inter-attractive Force of Creation circulating against each other on an orbit. These pairs of Yangton and Yington circulating particles are named “Wu’s Pairs” which is considered as the building blocks of the universe.

Yangton and Yington Theory can be used successfully in explanation of that subatomic particles with string structures are built upon Wu’s Pairs and String Force in compliance with String Theory, also String force and Four Basic Forces are induced from Force of Creation in accordance to Unified Field Theory.

Furthermore, Yangton and Yington Theory can very well bridge Quantum Theory with Relativity, also interprets and correlates space, time, energy and matter in the universe. Therefore, it is believed that Yangton and Yington Theory is a theory of everything.

Five Principles of The Universe

In the universe with pre-existing space and energy, God’s Particles, the building blocks of all matters in the universe, should be generated based on the following “Five Principles of The Universe” [59]:

1. There was Nothing in the universe in the beginning.

2. Nothing to Something must be a reversible process.

3. The Something must be a pair of Antimatter particles with inter-attractive force such that they can attract and destroy each other.

4. From Something to permanent matter there must be an external energy to cause a constant circulation motion between the two Antimatter particles so as to avoid them from recombination and destruction.

5. Eventually the whole universe will end and go back to Nothing.

Space and Energy Correlated Five Principles of the Universe

Although the idea that Matter is made of Wu’s Pairs sounds pretty cool, it is incomplete to leave the creation of Space and Energy in the mystery. In order to corporate the creations of Space and Energy together with Matter and Time, “Five Principles of The Universe” needs to be revised to “Space and Energy Correlated Five Principles of the Universe” as follows (Italic text):

1. There was None in the universe in the beginning.

2. None to Something must be an instant reversible process.

3. The Something must be a pair of Antimatter particles with inter-attractive force such that they can attract and destroy each other. Meanwhile, Space and Energy are co-generated in order to hold Something in a volume of Space with an accumulative state of energy.

4. From Something to permanent matter additional internal energy is generated to drive circulation motion between the two Antimatter particles so as to avoid them from recombination and destruction.

5. Eventually the whole universe will end and go back to None.

As the foundations of Space and Energy Correlated Five Principles of the Universe, it is important to know that both Space and Energy are created from None and Law of Conservation of Energy cannot be applied to creation of Energy. In other words, Law of Conservation of Energy is only true in energy transformation between two systems without creation of Space. Also, Force of Creation is created inevitably as the “Nature Strength” to drive everything back to None. The interaction between Force of Creation and the corresponding Space gives Internal Energy to Yangton and Yington Bubbles and Circulation Energy to Wu’s Pairs. Furthermore, because both Space and Energy are co-generated with Matter, therefore Matter must be created from None instead of Nothing (space without matter).

The revisions of Space and Energy Correlated Five Principles of the Universe are discussed in detail as follows:

1. The reversible process in 2nd Principle should happen instantly after the formation of Something (Yangton and Yington Bubbles). Otherwise, Something will become permanent and can be generated and exist anywhere in the universe.Therefore, it is believed that None to Something must be an instant reversible process.

2. The formation reaction of temporary Yangton and Yington Bubbles in 3rd Principle should be revised as follows:

None ↔ Yangton Θ Yington + SBubble + EBubble

Where None has no space, time, energy and matter, Θ represents Force of Creation, Yangton Θ Yington represents Yangton and Yington Bubble (Something), SBubble is the corresponding space generated by the Bubble and EBubble is Bubble’s internal energy generated by the interaction between Force of Creation and the corresponding space generated by the Bubble.

Although this reaction doesn’t need any external Energy of Creation as reactant, small external activation energy is required to make it an instant reversible reaction. Once this process is triggered, it will be continuously reversed and recycled by itself. Also, it is believed that the activation energy is first produced by the string forces between the overcrowded Yangton and Yington Bubbles generated from the Singularity in Big Bang Explosion at the beginning of the universe, and later produced by the String Force between adjacent Yangton and Yington Bubbles or provided by the kinetic energy of moving particles in space.

3. Similarly, the formation reaction of permanent Wu’s Pairs in 4th Principle should be revised as follows [155]:

Yangton Θ Yington + SBubble + EBubble → Yangton Φ Yington + SBubble + EBubble + SWu’s Pair + ECirculation

Where Yangton Θ Yington represents temporary Yangton and Yington Bubble. Yangton Φ Yington represents permanent circulating Wu’s Pair. SBubble is the corresponding space generated by the Bubble and EBubble is Bubble’s internal energy generated by the interaction between Force of Creation and the corresponding space generated by the Bubble. SWu’s Pair is the corresponding space generated by Wu’s Pair and ECirculation is the circulation energy generated by the interaction between Force of Creation and the corresponding space generated by Wu’s Pair. The initial Wu’s Pairs produced by Yangton and Yington Bubbles are in the form of photons (free Wu’s Pairs) such as microwave with long wavelength based on CMB radiation.

Again, this reaction doesn’t need any external Energy of Circulation as reactant. However, it is triggered by much bigger activation energy than that of the Bubble formation reaction, which can only be produced by the string forces between the overcrowded Yangton and Yington Bubbles generated from the Singularity in Big Bang Explosion at the beginning of the universe. This is the reason why Wu’s Pairs can only be created in Big Bang Explosion at beginning of the universe.

Quote: Light is the eternal source of power.

Nature is an eternally moving, interconnected system. We cannot deny the existence of an eternal " dynamic ".

The universe is a giant “perpetual motion machine”, and the only perpetual motion machine. What keeps this perpetual motion machine running is "energy momentum". The source of this power, light, is the most suitable and the least to be abandoned.

Quote: A particle that never decays

Barrow said, "The smallest of all particle masses is likely to be special because the lightest particles can no longer continue to decay - they cannot decay into lighter particles. They will inevitably dominate the universe eventually" [1]. Can we consider the photon to be the limit of all other particle decay? Because it is the only one that has zero mass and never decays.

[1] Barrow, J. D., P. C. Davies and C. L. Harper Jr (2004). Science and ultimate reality: Quantum theory, cosmology, and complexity, Cambridge University Press. Translated from the Chinese version.

The thread question is rigorously scientifically answered in SS post in the thread, however in the thread a few posts appeared, which seems are worthwhile be commented. So

- that

“…Nature is an eternally moving, interconnected system. We cannot deny the existence of an eternal " dynamic ". The universe is a giant “perpetual motion machine”, and the only perpetual motion machine…”

- is indeed correct, however is only a bare declaration till it isn’t explained – why “Nature” – really more scientific the fundamental phenomenon/notion “Matter” is “perpetual motion machine”?

- the scientific answer to this question is possible, and is given, only in the Shevchenko-Tokarevsky’s Planck scale informational physical model, the links see SS post on page 1 – Matter is some informational system/element of the absolutely fundamental and absolutely infinite “Information” Set, which is based on binary reversible logics, and so is closed in the Set.

So at Matter’s evolution the primary huge portions of energy that were pumped in Matter’s ultimate base – the (at least) [4+4+1]4D dense lattice of primary elementary logical structures– binary reversible fundamental logical elements at Matter’s Creation, more see section “Cosmology” in

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367397025_The_Informational_Physical_Model_and_Fundamental_Problems_in_Physics , after Creation are only re-distributed at interactions of Matter’s elements without energy dissipation into somewhere else in the Set. At that that

“…. What keeps this perpetual motion machine running is "energy momentum". The source of this power, light, is the most suitable and the least to be abandoned.…..”

- is rather strange claim, “light” is nothing else than flows of some – and seems utmost banal – particles “photons”, which – as all other particles – have energies, inertial and gravitational masses, and are constantly created/scattered/absorbed at interactions with other particles. As well in that

“…Barrow said, "The smallest of all particle masses is likely to be special because the lightest particles can no longer continue to decay - they cannot decay into lighter particles. They will inevitably dominate the universe eventually" …”

- the passage in quotations is rather strange claim, Matter is composed from really stable particles – first generation of leptons, i.e. electrons and neutrinos, stable protons, and stable in nuclei neutrons, the hadrons aren’t “light particles”; and at experiments it is shown that protons are stable more than in 1.67×1034 years time interval; so, say, some “the lightest particles dominating” looks as is rather strange.

Cheers