I’m pleased to announce the publication of:

Appendix 42 Part-2: A Unified ECM Framework of Atomic Vibration

DOI: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.30001.49766

This work extends Appendix 42, showing that thermionic emission and the photoelectric effect, though historically treated as separate, are unified within Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) under a single principle:

➡ atomic vibration as the universal response to external energy input.

The study develops a ∆mass-energy (∆Mᴍ) framework that explains electron emission as vibrational mass transforms overcoming the atomic binding energy and the work function.

Related Appendix: Appendix 42: Both the previously developed thermionic emission and the later photoelectric effect are inevitably based on the same mechanism https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29392.01280

- Soumendra Nath Thakur

August 20, 2025