1. Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM0): Developed by Warfield (1974), ISM is a methodology for structuring and analyzing complex systems. It recognizes that data interpretation is subjective and context-dependent.
2. Soft Systems Methodology (SSM): Developed by Checkland (1981), SSM is a framework for understating and analyzing complex systems. It emphasizes the importance of subjective interpretation and the role of stakeholders in shaping the meaning of data.
3. Critical Hermeneutics: This theoretical framework, developed by Myers (1995), emphasizes the importance of understanding the social and cultural context which data is interpreted.
Information Systems Research Studies
1. Subjective data interpretation: A study by Boland (1979) explores how managers interpret and use data in organizational decision-making. The study highlights the subjective nature of data interpretation and the role of context and experience in shaping interpretation.
2. Interpretive Flexibility: A study by Orlikowski(1992) examines how users interpret and adapt technology in organizational settings. The study demonstrates that users' interpretations of technology are shaped by social and cultural context.
3.Sensemaking: A study by Weik (1995) explores how individuals and organizations make sense of ambiguous and uncertain situations. The study highlights the importance of subjective interpretation and the role of narrative and storytelling in shaping sensemaking.