Yes, there are the INSAT series (INSAT-3D and INSAT-3DR) geostationary satellites available which provide aerosol optical depth product. These jointly provide the aerosol optical depth at every 15 minute interval, but the quality of the product is still the subject of research. Because Imager of both the satellites has single wide visible channel (0.55-0.75 µm) and that is not enough to derive the aerosol optical depth. Minimum three narrow channels in the visible and near IR regions are required to retrieve aerosol topical depth. Additionally, the visible channel from INSAT-3D is degrading so fast. Therefore, both require continuous calibration to improve the data quality. The algorithm used to derive the aerosol optical depth is still not good as MODIS, MISR or others. It is still a topic of research and people are trying to improve the same. It will be implemented in the next multi-spectral mission called “GISAT” but it may come probably in 2020.
Sorry, I do not answer directly to your question. I wanted to let you know about the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (http://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/) where in the Catalog, you will find AOD available worldwide at 3 h. Hope it may help. Best regards. Lucien Wald