Only-lid transparent pressure cookers are already available, add a non-fogging coating like TiO2 inside, and you can see what's cooking inside. But of course, you cannot see vertical profile of food being cooked. You can design some metallic framework/wire to carry the tensile load and glass to carry the compressive load, but still not 100% transparent ceramic is possible.Anyways, thermal conductivity matching of metallic and ceramic parts, as used in glass-to-metal seals, would be extremely important in such cases
Very high melting point plastics like Orlon or Vespel might not be long-lasting in the long run at high tempearature (>300 C), and might be difficult to make transparent or simply leach chemicals into food that would degrade the plastics too.
Transparent Sialon Ceramics would do a good job, but again, that risks cracking. ITO has significant conductivity but I fear whether it would be food-grade. BeO has quite high thermal conductivity but Be leaching into food can be extremely toxic.