Dear Shereen A Fahmy, NPs are used in your subject of study in two ways mainly, either as neat NPs or as nanocarriers for drugs against pathogens parasites. Please have a look at the following papers. My Regards

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Roghayeh-Norouzi/publication/319610435_A_review_on_Most_Nanoparticles_Applied_Against_Parasitic_Infections/links/5a0bd031aca2721a23fa14fd/A-review-on-Most-Nanoparticles-Applied-Against-Parasitic-Infections.pdf

https://doi.org/10.3390/life12050750

https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15071783

10.1080/10717544.2019.1692968

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108548

Nanoparticles show promising antiparasitic effects by enhancing drug delivery, improving bioavailability, and directly inhibiting parasite growth; silver nanoparticles and polymer-based nanocarriers are especially effective against parasites infecting animals and fish.

Dear Dr. Shereen A Fahmy,

Perhaps these articles could be useful:

1. N. Miyazawa, S. Sakakibara, M. Hakamada, and M. Mabuchi. Electronic origin of antimicrobial activity owing to surface effect. Scientific Reports, (2019) 9:1091 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37645-w

2. Hakamada, M., Taniguchi, S. & Mabuchi, M. Antibacterial activity of nanoporous gold against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis. J. Mater. Res. 32, 1787–1795 (2017). DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2017.157

3. Miyazawa, N., Hakamada, M. & Mabuchi, M. Antimicrobial mechanisms due to hyperpolarization induced by nanoporous Au. Sci. Rep. 8, 3870 (2018).

4. Khan, F. U. et al. Visible light inactivation of E. coli, Cytotoxicity and ROS determination of biochemically capped gold nanoparticles. Microbial Pathogenesis 107, 419–427 (2017).

5. Cui, Y. et al. The molecular mechanism of action of bactericidal gold nanoparticles on Escherichia coli. Biomater. 33, 2327–2333 (2012).

6. Zhang, Y., Peng, H., Huang, W., Zhou, Y. & Yan, D. Facile preparation and characterization of highly antimicrobial colloid Ag or Au nanoparticles. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 325, 371–376 (2008).

7. Hernandez-Sierra, J. F. et al. The antimicrobial sensitivity of Streptococcus mutans to nanoparticles of silver, zinc oxide, and gold. Nanomed.-Nanotechnol. Biol. Med. 4, 237–240 (2008).