I am curious whether there are any studies that have analysed the question whether there is a relationship between the average number of coffee consumption per person per day and the average number of hours of sleep per person per day. Is there a relationship?
Published studies in all languages would be relevant, as coffee is consumed in many parts of the world.
If you came across something, please feel free to reply.
Thanks so much and best regards,
Rainer
Please let me know if these references/sites are helpful to you:
1. Caffeine Consumption and Sleep Quality in Australian Adults - MDPI
www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/8/479/pdf
by EJ Watson - 2016 - Cited by 2 - Related articles
Aug 4, 2016 - Caffeine consumption remained stable across age groups while the source ... have shown that when caffeine is ingested one to three hours before ... determine the relationship between caffeine consumption and sleep using ...
2. Caffeine Consuming Children and Adolescents Show Altered Sleep ..
.
www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/5/4/441/pdfCached
Oct 15, 2015 - effects of high caffeine consumption on sleep physiology and ..... between caffeine consumers and controls in the first two hours of ... A close relationship between alpha and SWA is an often-observed phenomenon (i.e.,.
3, Coffee, caffeine, and sleep - Sleep Medicine Reviews
www.smrv-journal.com/article/S1087-0792(16)00015-0/pdf
by I Clark - 2017 - Cited by 27 - Related articles
Jan 30, 2016 - possible causal relationships among coffee- and caffeine-induced changes in sleep quality and health development are .... or after school hours. Whereas ... between caffeine consumption and sleep in adolescents emerge.
4. Caffeine Effects on Sleep Taken 0, 3, or 6 hours ... - Semantic Scholar
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/77a2/e1bae2936858735d983307dee5ffd33c2d88.pdf
by C Drake - Cited by 80 - Related articles
He has been in consulting relationships with Atentiv, Inc (Cambridge, MA), ... or 6 hours prior to bedtime each have significant effects on sleep disturbance ..... related caffeine intake between any of the 4 conditions: 0hr = 126.1 ± 164.9 mg, 3hr ...
Dennis
Dennis Mazur
Please let me know if these references/sites are helpful to you:
1. Caffeine Consumption and Sleep Quality in Australian Adults - MDPI
www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/8/479/pdf
by EJ Watson - 2016 - Cited by 2 - Related articles
Aug 4, 2016 - Caffeine consumption remained stable across age groups while the source ... have shown that when caffeine is ingested one to three hours before ... determine the relationship between caffeine consumption and sleep using ...
2. Caffeine Consuming Children and Adolescents Show Altered Sleep ..
.
www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/5/4/441/pdfCached
Oct 15, 2015 - effects of high caffeine consumption on sleep physiology and ..... between caffeine consumers and controls in the first two hours of ... A close relationship between alpha and SWA is an often-observed phenomenon (i.e.,.
3, Coffee, caffeine, and sleep - Sleep Medicine Reviews
www.smrv-journal.com/article/S1087-0792(16)00015-0/pdf
by I Clark - 2017 - Cited by 27 - Related articles
Jan 30, 2016 - possible causal relationships among coffee- and caffeine-induced changes in sleep quality and health development are .... or after school hours. Whereas ... between caffeine consumption and sleep in adolescents emerge.
4. Caffeine Effects on Sleep Taken 0, 3, or 6 hours ... - Semantic Scholar
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/77a2/e1bae2936858735d983307dee5ffd33c2d88.pdf
by C Drake - Cited by 80 - Related articles
He has been in consulting relationships with Atentiv, Inc (Cambridge, MA), ... or 6 hours prior to bedtime each have significant effects on sleep disturbance ..... related caffeine intake between any of the 4 conditions: 0hr = 126.1 ± 164.9 mg, 3hr ...
Dennis
Dennis Mazur
Caffeine is CNS stimulant and repeated intake or use of coffee for long time will as every body knows produce tolerance and dependence. This question should be divided into two parts (acute and chronic use), and alone or with other compounds such as nicotine. We all know that caffeine cause insomnia and produce CNS stimulation if taken at evening. Thus, It would be nice if the question is more specific.
Dear Dr Mazur,
thank you so much for your reply and for providing the references. I will check them and get back to you soon.
Yours sincerely,
Rainer
Dear Dr Sherif,
you are mentioning a good point. I particularly like the recommendation to divide the question into acute and chronic coffee consumption.
I had in mind, however, to analyse this question on a population level, e.g. the average hours of sleep per person per day and the average amount of coffee consumption per person per day. Maybe there is no relationship, maybe societies with high coffee consumption have less sleep, but maybe they also have more sleep.
I totally agree with you that caffeine produces CNS stimulation, and individuals who are not used to coffee will react differently than individuals who drink coffee regularly. Probably those individuals who do not consume coffee on a regular basis have more difficulties sleeping, particularly if they drink it in the evening.
Yours sincerely,
Rainer
Dear Dr Mazur,
I have now read the references you provided. There were indeed most helpful, so I would like to thank you once more.
Yours sincerely,
Rainer
Good Spiegel but what's about quality of sleep with consumption of coffee (more direct question than duration of sleep)?
Dr Sherif, coffee consumption before sleeping indeed seems to have an influence (see the manuscripts that Dr Mazur cited above)
In this regard it certainly makes sense to differentiate between those who regularly drink coffee and those who occasionally drink coffee.
A related question: do those who regularly drink coffee build up a tolerance to caffeine so that, at a certain point, they get as much sleep as non-coffee drinkers? (I ask for my own sake, since I love drinking caffeinated things!)
Good but back to the tolerance and dependence on caffeine use which are mainly related to the amount of intake (number of cups per day and duration of consumption),. These effects seen for CNS but what's about other systems as CVS that we can not see dependence but we see side effects as arrhythmia that can be dangerous if we consumed more than four cups per day.
Dear Dr MacGregor,
yes, I fully agree. I think those who drink coffee regularly build up a tolerance. I do not know, however, whether they get as much sleep as non-coffee drinkers. I also enjoy drinking coffee, and I can usually drink an Espresso before going to sleep (though I don't do this every night).
Yours sincerely,
Rainer
Dear Dr Sherif,
I fully agree that too much coffee can be harmful and that it can cause arrhythmia. Your point that it is related to the amount of coffee is certainly correct.
Yours sincerely,
Rainer
In a recent review, the researchers note the following about caffeine and arrhythmia:
Caffeine and cardiovascular health.
Turnbull D, Rodricks JV, Mariano GF, Chowdhury F.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2017 Jul 26;89:165-185. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.025. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
28756014
Free Article
"The available literature suggests that cardiovascular effects experienced by caffeine consumers at levels up to 600 mg/day are in most cases mild, transient, and reversible, with no lasting adverse effect. The point at which caffeine intake may cause harm to the cardiovascular system is not readily identifiable in part because data on the effects of daily intakes greater than 600 mg is limited. However, the evidence considered within this review suggests that typical moderate caffeine intake is not associated with increased risks of total cardiovascular disease; arrhythmia; heart failure; blood pressure changes among regular coffee drinkers; or hypertension in baseline populations."
Dennis
Dennis Mazur
Dear Dr Mazur,
thank you very much for stimulating discussion and for providing the citation. I find the citation most helpful and appreciate it a lot.
Yours sincerely,
Rainer
Rainer:
You've already received some excellent feedback from Dennis Mazur, so I'll restrict my comments to a brief summary of an internal review on this issue I recently was commissioned to undertake by a European regulatory authority, and hope it adds to the conversation.
*****
Coffee Consumption and Sleep
It is known that coffee consumption, driven by underlying caffeine (and to a lesser extent, theobromine, theophylline and xanthine metabolites) has been consistently shown to reduce both the quality of sleep and the duration of sleep during the night [Richards 2016] [Gomez-Ruiz 2007] [Distelberg 2017], typically prolonging sleep latency, reducing total sleep time and sleep efficiency, and worsening perceived sleep quality, and incereasing stage-1, wakefulness, and arousals while reducing slow-wave sleep and activity [Clark 2017]. The recent Loma Linda University randomized, double-blind, longitudinal study [Distelberg 2017] found consistent decreases in the quality (~40% reduction), and quantity of sleep (~10% reduction) during the treatment phase in the intervention group, sustained for as long as 3 days after treatment termination as priorly confirmed [Ohayon 2010].
*****
Coffee Consumption and the Sleep Regulatory Process
And given that the caffeine consumed affects circadian and homeostatic sleep regulatory processes, negative impact on other outcomes of mood and HRQL are observed, with the strongest adverse effect on anxiety, and with some of the anxiety measures' negative impacts maintained into the post-treatment phase, again indicating durable negative sequelae. And it has been demonstrated that high-caffeine consumption blocks cerebral adenosine A1 and A2A receptors,increases intracellular cAMP signaling, attenuates the buildup of homeostatic sleep propensity during waking, and delays the circadian clock via its effects on the timing of melatonin production in people, and when taken 3 hours before habitual bedtime in the evening, strongly and consistently delayed melatonin rhythm by ~40 min. [Burke 2015], and even at 6 hours prior to bedtime, caffeine reduced sleep by more than 1 hour, strongly suggesting that the rather common practice of afternoon caffeine consumption should at a minimum be restricted to before 5:00 PM, especially given moderate-large doses of caffeine (~400+ mg) commonly found in popular premium coffees [Drake 2013].
*****
Variability and Genetics
It is also important to appreciate that the adverse impact is not restricted to adults, so that caffeine impact in pre-teens, primarily from coffee/tea and sodas, was significantly associated with sleep disruption, morning fatigue/impaired attention, restless sleep, as well as with internalizing behavioral problems [Watson 2017], found to be true also of adolescents [Aepli 2015].
We know further that there is some considerable inter-individual variation in impact, and through genetic studies we have learned that several functional polymorphisms of genes have been isolated, all closely implicated in adenosine neurotransmission and metabolism which contribute to individual sensitivity and variation to such observed sleep disruption: it appears that the hepatic CYP1A enzymes (CYP1A1, 1A2) are the loci for genetic variance in caffeine, accounting for up to 40% variance in caffeine pharmacokinetics, with several genes implicated specifically in the association with habitual coffee consumption (principally, ABCG2, AHR, POR, CYP1A2, BDNF and SLC6A4) [Coffee 2015] [Cornelis 2016] and the ADORA2A gene, as per the EPISONO study [Nunes 2017]. Age plays a role also, with caffeine-associated increases in sleep latency, shortened total sleep duration and reduced sleep efficiency, being more pronounced in middle-aged than in young adults [Robillard 2015].
*****
BOTTOM LINE: Coffee consumption consistently negatively impacts the length (~10% reduction) and quality of sleep (~40% reduction), sleep latency and efficiency (as to degree of restless sleep), morning fatigue/impaired attention; the architecture of sleep and the circadian regulatory process and associated melatonin metabolism, with negative effects on mood, HRQL, and anxiety, all with non-trivial individual, age, and genetic variability.
*****
REFERENCES
[Aepli 2015] Aepli A, Kurth S, Tesler N, Jenni OG, Huber R. Caffeine Consuming Children and Adolescents Show Altered Sleep Behavior and Deep Sleep. Brain Sci. 2015 Oct 15; 5(4):441-55.
[Burke 2015] Burke T, Markwald RR, McHill AW, et al. Effects of caffeine on the human circadian clock in vivo and in vitro. Sci Transl Med. 2015 Sep 16; 7(305):305ra146.
[Clark 2017] Clark I, Landolt HP. Coffee, caffeine, and sleep: A systematic review of epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials. Sleep Med Rev 2017; 31:70–78.
[Coffee 2015] Coffee and Caffeine Genetics Consortium, Cornelis MC, Byrne EM, Esko T, et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies six novel loci associated with habitual coffee consumption. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20(5):647-56.
[Cornelis 2016] Cornelis MC, Kacprowski T, Menni C, et al, Swiss Kidney Project on Genes in Hypertension (SKIPOGH) team. Genome-wide association study of caffeine metabolites provides new insights to caffeine metabolism and dietary caffeine-consumption behavior. Hum Mol Genet. 2016 Dec 15; 25(24):5472-5482.]
[Distelberg 2017] Distelberg BJ, Staack A, Elsen K'dee D, Sabaté J. The Effect of Coffee and Caffeine on Mood, Sleep, and Health-Related Quality of Life. J Caffeine Res June 2017; 7(2): 59-70.
[Drake 2013] Drake C, Roehrs T, Shambroom J, Roth T. Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 hours before going to bed. J Clin Sleep Med. 2013 Nov 15; 9(11):1195-200.
[Gomez-Ruiz 2007] Gomez-Ruiz JA, Leake DS, Ames JM. In vitro antioxidant activity of coffee compounds and their metabolites. J Agric Food Chem. 2007; 55:6962–6969.
[Nunes 2017] Nunes RA, Mazzotti DR, Hirotsu C, Andersen ML, Tufik S, Bittencourt L. The association between caffeine consumption and objective sleep variables is dependent on ADORA2A c.1083T>C genotypes. Sleep Med. 2017 Feb; 30:210-215.
[Ohayon 2010] Ohayon MM. Nocturnal awakenings and difficult resuming sleep: Their burden in the European general population. J Psychosom Res. 2010;69:565–571.
[Richards 2016] Richards G, Smith AP. A review of energy drinks and mental health, with a focus on stress anxiety and depression. J Caffeine Res 2016; 6:49–63.
[Robillard 2015] Robillard R, Bouchard M, Cartier A, Nicolau L, Carrier J. Sleep is more sensitive to high doses of caffeine in the middle years of life. J Psychopharmacol. 2015 Jun; 29(6):688-97.
[Watson 2017] Watson EJ, Banks S, Coates AM, Kohler MJ. The relationship between caffeine, sleep and behavior in children. J Clin Sleep Med. 2017; 13(4):533–543.
I do not known if it normal, but after cap of coffee I sleep very well. Usually at weekend. Before slipping I do not drink coffee. I listening my body. This is my personal opinion and it does not pretend to be true.
I total agree with Kaniklidis, and thanks for the nice presentation of the pharmacological effect of caffeine. The genetic variation inter-individual variation is also very important especially tolerance on long term consumption but what's about dependence?
Fathi:
Good question!
Yes, it is now well-established that some caffeine users become addicted to, or dependent on caffeine, producing behavioral and physiological effects similar to other drugs of dependence, and with some addicted or dependent users being unable to reduce consumption despite acknowledged awareness of the many serious health problems associated with continued caffeine use (called "use despite harm") [Uddin 2017] [Temple 2017] [Budney 2014] [Bernstein 2002] [Hughes 1998] [Jones 2005] [Juliano 2012] [Oberstar 2002] [Strain 1994] [Striley 2011].
Based on critical review and appraisal of the large body of supporting literature [Jain 2017] [Meredith 2013a], this has led DSM-5 to support diagnoses of Caffeine Intoxication, Caffeine Withdrawal, Caffeine-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Caffeine-Induced Sleep Disorder, and Caffeine Use Disorder, the latter including symptoms that may also contribute to a diagnosis of "caffeine intoxication" and "caffeine withdrawal" [Meredith 2013b]. And note that the World Health Organization has already recognized a diagnosis of Caffeine Dependence Syndrome, as of ICD-10.
Like other drug dependencies, caffeine dependence is influenced by genotype, as we know that genetic polymorphisms in the adenosine A2A receptor gene (ADORA2A) are critical to patterns of caffeine use and sensitivity, with individuals carrying the CYP1A2 gene variant being likely more suspectible, and we even have strong evidence of the heritability of caffeine use, tolerance, and withdrawal, drawn from studies comparing human monozygotic and dizygotic twins [Kendler 1999] [Meredith 2013a], the heritability ranging fro 35% to 77%, such magnitudes of heritability for caffeine dependence markers being remarkably similar to those for nicotine and alcohol.
BOTTOM LINE: Both addicted and dependent adverse behavioral processes are well-documented as to caffeine and caffeine-based beverages, representing a significant health hazard in today's milieu of wide-spread consumption of increasingly higher-caffeine drinks, across wide age groups and ethnic and national backgrounds.
*****
REFERENCES
[ Bernstein 2002] Bernstein GA, Carroll ME, Thuras PD, Cosgrove KP, Roth ME. Caffeine dependence in teenagers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2002; 66:1–6
[Budney 2014] Budney AJ, Emond JA. Caffeine addiction? Caffeine for youth? Time to act! Addiction. 2014 Nov; 109(11):1771-2.
[Hughes 1998] Hughes JR, Oliveto AH, Liguori A, Carpenter J, Howard T. Endorsement of DSM-IV dependence criteria among caffeine users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1998;52:99–107.
[Jain 2017] Jain S, Srivastava AS, Verma RP, Maggu G. Caffeine addiction: Need for awareness and research and regulatory measures. Asian J Psychiatr. 2017 Feb 04.
[Jones 2005] Jones HA, Lejuez CW. Personality correlates of caffeine dependence: the role of sensation seeking, impulsivity, and risk taking. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;13:259–266.
[Juliano 2012] Juliano LM, Evatt DP, Richards BD, Griffiths RR. Characterization of individuals seeking treatment for caffeine dependence. Psychol Addict Behav. 2012;26:948–954.
[Kendler 1999] Kendler KS, Prescott CA. Caffeine intake, tolerance, and withdrawal in women: a population-based twin study. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:223–228.
[Meredith 2013a] Meredith SE, Juliano LM, Hughes JR, Griffiths RR. Caffeine Use Disorder: A Comprehensive Review and Research Agenda. J Caffeine Res. 2013 Sep; 3(3):114-130.
[Meredith 2013b] Meredith SE, Griffiths RR. Substance Use and Addictive Disorders: Caffeine, in Psychiatry, Fourth Edition (eds A. Tasman, J. Kay, J. A. Lieberman, M. B. First and M. B. Riba), John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK. 2013.
[Oberstar 2002] Oberstar JV, Bernstein GA, Thuras PD. Caffeine use and dependence in adolescents: one-year follow-up. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2002;12:127–135.
Strain EC, Mumford GK, Silverman K, Griffiths RR. Caffeine dependence syndrome. evidence from case histories and experimental evaluations. JAMA. 1994;272:1043–1048.
[Striley 2011] Striley CLW, Griffiths RR, Cottler LB. Evaluating dependence criteria for caffeine. J Caffeine Res. 2011;1:219–225.
[Temple 2017] Temple JL, Bernard C, Lipshultz SE, Czachor JD, Westphal JA, Mestre MA. The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review. Front Psychiatry. 2017; 8:80.
[Uddin 2017] Uddin MS, Sufian MA, Hoss ain MF, et al. Neuropsychological Effects of Caffeine: Is Caffeine Addictive? J Psychol Psychother 2017; 7: 295.
Sergey:
Yes, you are quite right - there are people for whom the sleep-disruptive effects are not appreciable at all, likely from genetic and metabolic factors like ADORA2A and CYP1A2 (I've seen many instances in South Americans, Africans, some with Slavic and Baltic backgrounds, etc., although it's an individual, case-by-case basis, and not ethnically general), and for those people caffeine even late in the day does not appear to be adverse to the sleep cycle. Also certain herbals (Kava, Ashwaganda (Withania), etc.) may countervail or significantly mute the sleep-disruptive effects of coffee/caffeine.
Dear Rainer,
I know when its late and there so much to be studied and work to do is a mountan it is tempting to make another pot of coffee in that late pm ish time... because the thought of the smell reminiscent from the mornings brew lingers to your mind. Then before you know it, your already hearing the sweat sounds of , fzzz, slosh, kerplop its done.. next thing you know its now am and you still cant blink...
...caffeine, use with caution....
Best Wishes!
Dear Constantine,
Thank you so much for providing your comments with regard to the review of this topic. I appreciate this a lot and the arguments certainly make sense.
Yours sincerely,
Rainer
Dear Constantine,
thank you also for engaging in this discussion by answering other questions. Your expertise and the provided references are great.
Yours sincerely,
Rainer
Dear Sergey,
thank you so much for your continued contributions to this discussion. I appreciate this a lot. I personally have the feeling that I also sleep well after a cup of espresso, but this probably cannot be generalised.
Yours sincerely,
Rainer
Dear Dr Sherif,
thank you so much for your ongoing support to this discussion. I value your opinion a lot.
Yours sincerely,
Rainer
Dear Charles,
thank you so much for providing this great example. I absolutely agree with you and can tell from my own experience that the smell of freshly brewed coffee can be very tempting.
Yours sincerely,
Rainer
How Healthy Is Coffee? The Latest Evidence
I liked this presentation and I want to share with you.
http://www.medscape.com/slideshow/coffee-6004434?src=wnl_edit_tpal&uac=7532HN#1
Dear Sergey,
Thank you very much for sharing the information. Without the password, I was not able to access it, but I am sure it is very interesting.
Yours sincerely,
Rainer
For all coffee lovers. Here is some interesting study on coffee spilling phenomena.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2078152015300377
It won this year's IG Nobel Prize (fluid dynamics section), which has just been awarded. Enjoy.
Dear Sergey,
Thank you very much for continuously stimulating discussion with regard to this question. Your help is very much appreciated.
Yours sincerely,
Rainer
Dear Sergey,
thanks very much for your continuing replies.
Yours sincerely,
Rainer
In continue our conversation...
How Healthy Is Coffee?
By - Bret S. Stetka, MD
Dear Sergey,
thanks very much, especially for providing the reference list.
Yours sincerely,
Rainer
Thanks a lot Rainer!
In continue I add some information.
And publications from Bret S. Stetka article.
Dear Sergey,
Thank you so much for contributing the passage of Dr Stetka's article.
Yours sincerely,
Rainer
Effects of Milk vs Dark Chocolate Consumption on Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity Within 2 HoursA Randomized Clinical Trial
Conclusions and Relevance Contrast sensitivity and visual acuity were significantly higher 2 hours after consumption of a dark chocolate bar compared with a milk chocolate bar, but the duration of these effects and their influence in real-world performance await further testing.
Article Effects of Milk vs Dark Chocolate Consumption on Visual Acui...
- Badges
- Science topic
- Similar topics
- Medicine