"The Poly(Lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs are the commonly used polymeric core NPs. This Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved polymeric core is biodegradable, biocompatible and non-toxic. These polymeric NPs, when encapsulated with some anticancer drugs or near-infrared (NIR) dye, allow them to be used in image–guided tumor therapy (Vijayan et al, 2018)."

"ONYX-015: selective replication in tumour cells with altered p53 pathway.

The striking similarities of tumour cells and adenovirus infected cells gave rise to the concept of using a mutant adenovirus to selectively eliminate tumour cells, which is based on the observation that in both, tumour cells and adenovirus infected cells, p53 – in its role as ‘guardian of the genome’ – is a major target for inactivation. ONYX-015 contains a 827 bp deletion in the E1B region of the viral genome and a point mutation that generates a premature stop codon preventing expression of a truncated form of the E1B55K protein (Barker and Berk, 1987). Theses mutations render ONYX-015 incapable of blocking p53's function. Indeed, dl1520 is incapable of degrading p53, which therefore accumulates in the nucleoplasm after infection of normal (p53+) cells. Infection of normal cells with ONYX-015 should evoke a p53 response: either growth arrest or apoptosis, resulting in aberrant viral replication. In contrast, tumour cells that do not possess a functional p53 gene (p53− cells) should support replication of ONYX-015. Replication of ONYX-015 should therefore be restricted to p53 deficient cells resulting in selective destruction of cancer cells (Rise et al, 2002)."

Bibliography

Ries, S., & Korn, W. M. (2002). ONYX-015: mechanisms of action and clinical potential of a replication-selective adenovirus. British Journal of Cancer, 86(1), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6600006

Vijayan, V., Uthaman, S., & Park, I.-K. (2018). Cell Membrane-Camouflaged Nanoparticles: A Promising Biomimetic Strategy for Cancer Theragnostics. Polymers, 10(9), 983. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10090983