Direct injection nebulizers (DIN) have recently appeared frequently in the ICP-MS /OES literature, however, Houk has described this kind of nebulizer since around 1980. Who is selling them now (or where can I buy them)? In addition, although this DIN does not require a spray chamber and can provide 100% injection efficiency, it has not been widely used in commercial instruments. So, what's the problems holding it back?

Looking for your attention and answer, thanks.

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