Almost all optical fiber manufacturers produce optical fiber bobbins length of maximum 50 to 100kms. If longer length bobbins are produced then it will be easy for both user and producer as it reduces cost.
suggest If any technical papers available on this
At 1550nm you get the lowest practically achievable attenuation of 0.18dB/km. 4 years ago 0.14dB/km was reported. Considering all additional leaks due to installation, real world attenuation after 100km is 20-30dB.
You get residual birefringence here and there.
Dispersion is flattened but not totally flat.
After long fiber runs it's necessary to insert amplifier, dispersion compensation or other kinds of signal conditioning (incl. reception and retransmission).
Fibers longer than 100km are just not practical.
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