In the mountains of northern Tehran province, which areas are suitable for dam construction? And like in Turkey, by collecting melted snow reserves, can Tehran province and other Iranian provinces be saved from the water shortage crisis?

Accurate characterization of global snow water equivalent (SWE) is essential in the study of climate and water. The current global SWE dataset is derived from the European Space Agency's Snow Climate Change Initiative. 10 Passive microwave satellite data assimilation and in situ snow depth measurements. However, gaps exist in the current Snow CCI SWE dataset over complex terrain due to difficulties in characterizing mountain SWE via passive microwave sensing approaches and limitations of in situ snow depth measurements. This study uses a Bayesian snow reanalysis approach with the Snow CCI snow cover fraction (SCF) dataset (1 km resolution) to develop a SWE dataset over four mountain ranges in western North America for the WYs 2001–2019. The SWE estimates are evaluated by reanalysis through 15 comparisons with independent SWE datasets, and a parallel SWE reanalysis using snow extent retrieved from Landsat imagery (30 m resolution). Bias in the Snow CCI SWE reanalysis was detected by comparing the Snow CCI snow cover with the Landsat reference. The number of SCF images and their characteristics (such as the zenith angle) significantly affect the accuracy of the SWE estimates. Overall, the Snow CCI SCF inputs to the SWE reanalysis are of sufficient quality to fill the mountain SWE gap in the current Snow CCI SWE climate data record. Better characterization of the SCF uncertainty and a bias correction of 20 could further improve the accuracy of the reanalysis SWE estimates.

In the past few decades, climate change and the consequent decrease in precipitation and population growth in different regions of the country have increased the demand for water for various uses such as drinking, agriculture, industry, etc., which has led to excessive exploitation of groundwater resources and their sharp decline. The artificial recharge technique is used as a method to compensate for the deficit in groundwater volume, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Locating suitable areas before carrying out artificial recharge operations can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the project. Considering the existing problems related to the reduction of groundwater resources in Tehran province, due to the increasing population and the expansion of industry and agriculture, this study has identified and zoned suitable areas for artificial recharge of groundwater in Tehran province. Geographic information systems can provide better results in determining suitable areas for artificial recharge with greater accuracy and less time. For this purpose, in the present study, the integration of geographic information system and Fuzzy AHP method has been used to weight and combine effective criteria in artificial recharge such as depth and changes in groundwater level, precipitation, drainage density, land height and slope, distance from fault, distance from river, geological characteristics and land use. After examining the opinions of experts on binary comparison of criteria and determining their priority over each other according to the AHP method, hydrological characteristics were identified as the most effective criterion in relation to the research objective. The results obtained indicate that 1.6 percent of the total area of ​​the region is very suitable for implementing the artificial groundwater recharge plan and 90.20 percent is suitable. The very suitable areas are mainly located in the eastern parts of the province, which have suitable geological formations, short distance to the river, and are predominantly pasture and agricultural land use. Also, the groundwater depth level in them is very low and has a decreasing trend.

Study area: Tehran province is located between longitudes 03 and 09 degrees east and latitudes 92 and 0.96 degrees north. This region is located south of the Alborz mountain range. The study area includes major cities such as Tehran, the capital of Iran . The depth of groundwater in mountainous areas and plains varies greatly. The average annual rainfall in the region is 123 millimeters, with more rainfall in the northern and eastern regions and a smaller share in the southern and western plains. The elevation of the region varies between 920 and 2919 meters, decreasing from north to south. The slope of the region in the northern and northeastern regions of the province reaches 96 degrees, while the plains of southern Tehran are almost flat. The faults in this region generally trend east-west and are more numerous on the slopes.

Craig Carlton Dremann added a reply

BIORAIN is the solution, plus weekly cloud seeding, instead of building more dams. Plant the native trees which produce the rain, and cloud seeding in Saudi Arabia in the last 90 days increased the rainfall by 2x to 3x in places.

Iran is already getting a lot of benefits from the Saudi cloud seeding, as you can see from the conversations at https://www.researchgate.net/post/Climate_change_or_water_resource_management_Which_has_caused_the_intensification_of_dust_storms_in_the_Middle_East

All the money put into a new dam project, could be used to plant Biorain trees and cloud seeding, to increase the rainfall nationwide by at least twice.

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Any news about the BiORAIN STUDIES?

Iran maybe getting a lot of benefits from the KSA cloud seeding that appears to have been done west of Riyadh yesterday, with lots of rain clouds headed your way.

If Iran could have a similar program, then when the KSA does cloud seeding, then your "National Action Programme to Combat Desertification and Mitigate The. Effects of Drought" could take advantage and add some cloud seeding of your own, and maybe also experiment using the SNOMAX Pseudomonas to do it naturally?

Any funding through that program to start that effort?

I am getting old--turned 71 years old on March 3rd, and would like to see your Biorain programs up and running while I am still above ground?

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Mohammad Khosroshahi added a reply

Dear Craig Carlton Dremann --I hope you are well and healthy. I saw your sad note. I am sorry for the slow progress. I was and am very eager to see this Pseudomonas hypothesis. I wish I was a bacteriologist and had started this Research a year ago. In Iran, we have a week every year called Natural Resources Week, and March 5 is called Arbor Day. These days, government officials and even the Leader of Iran emphasize planting a billion trees. Whenever I see these talks on TV or at events, I think of you. By the way, I am also approaching the age of 70, but I feel that I am still young.

Anyway, I sent your note to the head of my institute so he can see it.

Craig Carlton Dremann added a reply

Could the Iran BIORAIN project get started on a zero budget? For example, where the known Cloud Forests exist in Iran, (you posted photos of the clouds here the last few years) could someone visit and look at which trees the clouds are coming off of, and identify them?

Swabbing the leaves of the host plant and putting those swabs in the freezer could start the "Biorain" project process, and then you can wait for the money to do the DNA work in the future.

At least the Pseudomonas host species could be identified, and if people have the time, go and do surveys over time, then the 100 or so potential Cloud Forest could be checked, that I have mapped so far all over Iran.

Outside of the tropics, you country has the highest number of Cloud Forest locations on the planet, in part because you have set aside a large number of areas as forest preserves, which your country should be very proud of.

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Craig Carlton Dremann added a reply

Cloud seeding by KSA and Iraq, increasing rainfall by over 600%!

These two countries, have started cloud seeding with spectacular results last week, based on the images from https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/international/africa_arc/africa_arc_10day_na_pnorm.gif

Libya's 600% increase could be from cloud seeding as well, or just a lucky break.

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Craig Carlton Dremann added a reply

The last 3 months of cloud seeding in KSA, has increased the rainfall by 2x-3x in places! When Yemen had zero rainfall in the same time period.

… Read more

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March 21--The cloud seeding in Saudi Arabia has started the process of rain cloud formation from Iran to Mongolia as the cloud seeding particles flow eastward and pick up moisture along the way. And chance of getting a grant to try and cloud seed with Pseudomonas SNOMAX protein?

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Lila Jia added a reply:

2 hours ago

The river system in the northern part of Tehran Province (such as the Albuz Mountains region) is relatively deve

loped, especially in spring and summer, when the water flow is relatively large as the snow melts. Therefore, the rivers in these areas are ideal locations for building water storage DAMS. For example, rivers such as the Karaj River and the Jajrood River provide suitable water sources.

If water storage DAMS can be built in Tehran Province and other provinces of Iran, especially in mountainous areas to collect melted snow reserves, it is indeed possible to alleviate the water shortage crisis to a certain extent. The following are several influencing factors:

Storage of melted snow water: Just like in some regions of Turkey, collecting the melted snow in mountainous areas by building DAMS can provide an abundant water supply in spring and summer. The water after the snow melts is usually relatively clean and can be stored in reservoirs for use during the dry season. This is of great significance for addressing the drought and water shortage in Iran.

Enhancing irrigation capacity: Reservoirs can provide a stable water source for agricultural irrigation, especially for agricultural areas in Tehran Province and other provinces, reducing reliance on unstable precipitation.

Water resource management and multi-purpose utilization: Through scientific management, the water in reservoirs can not only be used for irrigation, but also for drinking water, industrial water and hydropower generation. Improving the efficiency of water resource utilization will help address the tight situation of water resources.

Addressing the challenges of climate change: As climate change may lead to alterations in precipitation patterns, establishing multi-functional dam and reservoir systems can help stabilize water supply and reduce reliance on unstable precipitation.

At the same time, I am also a staff member of an academic institution specializing in climatology research. If you have academic journals that need cooperation, we can have in-depth exchanges. WhatsApp: +86 188 8483 1354 E-mail: [email protected]

Victoria