Of course, many things are possible. However, I urge you to consider the time you will have to use to design and build such a device along with the cost of procuring the parts.
Furthermore, what are the specifications of your system? What resolution do you wish to achieve? What are the dimensions of the sample? What is your budget?
It may be more cost-effective to send off your samples for proper analysis in a different laboratory.
Yes, it is certainly possible to design and make the device that you need, but it is like a separate research project by itself. There are some optical measurement methods that are used for transparent materials. You can also send your sample parts to specific labs, and they will send you the desired data. So it seems you need to reconsider the goals of your project before you start this phase of work.