Sometimes as a professor or lecturer at university we see students who can't manage to pass the subject that is taught due their weak background in that subject. You see them repeat the subject course over and over without any further development even though you have provided all the necessary resources and material that they need.
Justin Kruger and David Dunning in their paper titled " Unskilled and Unaware of It ..." has proposed that those with limited knowledge in a domain suffer a dual burden: Not only do they reach mistaken conclusions and make regrettable errors, but their incompetence robs them of the ability to realize it.
So what kind of action a professor/Lecturer can do in this case? Do you advise the student to change the course/study field?