My concerns:
1. If my target respondents are students having for example a population of 1000, should i use slovin's formula to conduct face validity? Or does it depend on me?
2. I have limited resources regarding this validation procedure. As far as what I know, measuring face validity must be in terms of (i) clarity of wording (ii) layout and style (iii) likelihood the target audience would be able to answer the questions. -How will I measure these?
First of all, I think you are not referring to content validity, because oftentimes researchers use the terms face validity and content validity interchangeably although they may not be the same thing. Alright, the Slovin's formula is about determining sample size from a known size of population. The sample size has little to do with face validity. Face validity is a subjective judgement of whether measures of a certain construct "appears" to measure what it intend to measure. Of various types of validity assessment, this is said to be the weakest (but necessary) form of validity. This is usually done by showing your measurements to experts (could be fellow researchers or teachers) and get their feedback of whether these measures are relevant in measuring what you intend to measure. I have not seen any hard and fast rule on how to exactly decide on face validity, but usually this is a subjective assessment based on expert opinion. Hope it helps.
A few researches i have read that content validity is about asking on experts regarding the questionnaire. On the other hand, face validity is a subjective judgment to possible respondents of the survey. I am confused..
A few researches i have read that content validity is about asking on experts regarding the questionnaire. On the other hand, face validity is a subjective judgment to possible respondents of the survey. I am confused..
Risselle Edullantes, for face validity, since it is subjective, you can ask experts and/or respondents. This is not contradictory. You may read the following article, particularly page 99, where by definition, it says ".........face validity as the degree that respondents or users judge that the items of an assessment instrument are appropriate to the targeted construct and assessment objectives." The article also talks about using expert judges to enhance face validity. There is a discussion on the difference between face and content validity as well. Hope the article would be helpful.
Dear Riselle,
Besides testing face validity with a sample of leading experts in the field, it is also important to examine it with a sample of lay people in order to control a potential effect of literacy on reading comprehension. A instrument with face validity should present a large percentage of agreement for the items in both samples (expert and lay). You can choose several measures of agreement to ensure objectivity in your decision. I send you article with this example. Hope it helps.
I'm facing the same issue. I already asked expert opinion for content validity (statistical experts, language experts, and content experts. But for the face validity, should i collect info from laymen (not in sample frame i.e villagers) or from others in the same sample frame but not the actual sample? thank you.
As far as i know, content validity should be obtained from literature on the construct. Whereas face validity could be established by conducting expert review or assessment on items of the construct.
My understanding on part of content and face validity :
Content validity/ measure by experts to assess the degree of relevancy and representativeness of each item of your questionnaire, and experts can review your item based on the definition and relevant terminologies that u have to provided to him.
number of experts should be not less than 3 , but if more than 6 will be better.
Face validity / u can do that by group discussion with some of participants, u can check with them there opinion on the degree of clarity and comprehension of each item.
Kindly google this article I believe it will help
Principles and Methods of Validity and Reliability Testing of Questionnaires Used in Social and Health Science Researches by Oladimeji Akeem Bolarinwa
Face validity is checked by weighing the views of experts/sampled respondents against those outside the sample frame. This strategy would clearly show the lapses in the questionnaire that needs redress.
face validity ca n be checked through a panel of experts' comments and views. their ideas can help to revise the items to seem valid apparently.
Although face validity and content validity are synonymously used, there is some difference between them. Face validity refers to the items measuring exactly what they are supposed to measure whereas content validity refers to the representation of majority of the portion of the construct.
After doing the face validity, how i will write the interpretation of that?
should I mention all the comments and sugestion in the proposal or no need ?
Look at some articles you have for how others have written this up. It can give you ideas on how you can explain the steps you took.
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