There are freely available global carbon maps from Avitabile (http://www.wur.nl/en/Expertise-Services/Chair-groups/Environmental-Sciences/Laboratory-of-Geo-information-Science-and-Remote-Sensing/Research/Integrated-land-monitoring/Forest_Biomass/Forest-Biomass-downloads.htm) or from
Baccini (Baccini A, Goetz SJ, Walker WS et al. (2012). Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from tropical deforestation improved by carbon-density maps. Nature Climate Change, 2, 182–185.) or
Saatchi (Saatchi SS, Harris NL, Brown S et al. (2011). Benchmark map of forest carbon stocks in tropical regions across three continents. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 9899–9904. )
The carbon maps that Mathieu provided are a good starting point, but if you need to estimate it for different land uses then you will have to either do on the ground measurements, or use soil carbon models (such as CENTURY or RothC) to refine to local estimates. There are more sophisticated techniques if you have access to hyperspectral imagery to calculate carbon, but that is expensive and processing heavy. Best bet in my opinion is to use the baseline information in the maps and modify that to individual land uses via a soil carbon model.