To improve the yield in hydrothermal synthesis, which is a method used to synthesize materials under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions, you can consider the following strategies:

1. Optimized reaction conditions: Fine-tuning the reaction parameters such as temperature, pressure, reaction time, and precursor concentrations can significantly impact the yield. Conducting a systematic study to determine the optimal conditions for your specific synthesis can help improve the yield.

2. Precursor and reactant selection: Carefully selecting high-quality precursors and reactants can contribute to a higher yield. Ensure that the starting materials are pure, of the desired composition, and have appropriate reactivity for the hydrothermal conditions.

3. pH control: Controlling the pH of the reaction mixture can influence the yield. Some materials have a specific pH range at which their synthesis is favored. Adjusting the pH by using acids, bases, or buffer solutions can enhance the yield of the desired product.

4. Seeding: Introducing small amounts of seed crystals or nanoparticles of the desired product into the reaction mixture can promote nucleation and growth, leading to a higher yield. These seeds act as templates and help initiate the formation of the desired material.

5. Additives and surfactants: Incorporating suitable additives or surfactants can modify the reaction kinetics, stabilize intermediates, or control crystal growth, resulting in improved yields. These additives can also prevent agglomeration or unwanted side reactions.

6. Reaction vessel design: The choice of the reaction vessel and its design can influence the yield. Factors such as the material of the vessel, its geometry, and the presence of baffles or stirring mechanisms can impact the mass transfer and heat transfer during the synthesis process, thereby affecting the yield.

7. Post-synthesis treatments: Implementing post-synthesis treatments such as annealing, washing, filtration, or purification steps can help remove impurities and by-products, leading to a higher yield of the desired product.

8. Characterization and feedback: Thoroughly characterizing the synthesized products and analyzing the reaction by-products can provide valuable insights into the synthesis process. This feedback can be used to optimize the reaction conditions and adjust the synthesis parameters to improve the yield in subsequent experiments.

It's important to note that the specific strategies for improving yield may vary depending on the material being synthesized and the experimental setup.

Thank you Haresh Bhanushali

During hydrothermal/solvothermal process, the solvent is playing important role. If suppose you are doing the process as low contant of solvent, you will get more yield.

Ex. If 100 ml of capacity of autoclave the solvent as below 40 ml.

To increase the yield of hydrothermal synthesis methods, you can consider the following strategies:

1. Optimize reaction conditions: Fine-tuning the reaction conditions can significantly improve the yield. Factors to consider include temperature, pressure, reaction time, pH, and concentration of reactants.

2. Introducing suitable calalysts and additives can enhance the reaction kinetics and improve yield.

3. Consider using high-purity reagents or exploring alternating precursors that are known to yield better results.

4. The design of the reaction vessel can influence the yield. Factors such as vessel geometry, stirring efficiency, and pressure control can affect the reaction kinetics.

5. Pre-treating the reactants (like, calcination, grinding, or modifying the surface properties) before hydrothermal synthesis can enhance their reactivity.

6. Reaction monitoring and control.