Dear Bijay,
While I don't know the situation in India, generally the purpose of National Human Rights Commissions is to prevent actual investigations of human rights, since the members come from the same elites in societies who are usually using their authority to prevent human rights. These commissions serve as a form of public relations/ "window dressing" so that international organizations like global banks can SAY that they are paying attention to human rights and then continue to violate them.
The U.N. system and international banks have promote these and create an ideology of "duty bearers" to insure that government agencies are given the control over human rights rather than citizens, and so that the protection of "victims" against "perpetrators" is frustrated by the scheme of "duty bearers" and "rights holders" in name only.
Countries that take rights seriously usually have mechanisms like self-activating laws where independent lawyers can institute lawsuits against government, businesses, and international actors that can be decided in front of citizen juries that are picked randomly. They will have laws and mechanisms for "private attorney general" and "civil law" enforcement, "class action" lawsuits, "jury nullification" so as to override government selected judges, and a series of other balances of power such as citizen groups acting with public funds and overseeing police, military, national security agencies and corporation, independent media that is open access for all citizens ("common carriers") rather than corporate funded, and a strong civil society, as well as strong constitutions with real federalism so that minority groups have specific protected political power.
I have worked for decades for the UN system and governments in these areas and have written a number of indicators for measuring rights and schemes for assuring them. Take a look at my articles on "Measuring Human Rights", my "Treatise on International Development Law" and indicators on different rights, and approaches on constitutional mechanisms like "A Return to Democracy"/Proposed Amendments on ResearchGate. I'm coming out soon with an indicator for "civic education" to prepare citizens with the skills and knowledge to implement rights.
Best,
David Lempert, Ph.D., J.D., M.B.A., E.D. (Hon.)
The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in India faces challenges such as limited enforcement powers, bureaucratic hurdles, and inadequate resources, which can hinder its effectiveness in addressing human rights violations comprehensively.
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