The waste product of the method contains arsenic is difficult to handle. The by product is found in the form of sludge and costly to treat to avoid any secondary pollution.
Dear Muhammad,
The idea is to reduce BOD/COD to the levels where oxidation makes economic sense.
The least expensive way to reduce BOD is aerobic digestion, however most people in the industry do not do it effectively and do not get any noticeable bio reaction and BOD reduction. If you are interested in creating a very effective and efficient bio reactor, please contact me and I will give you all “know how” involved in the process and will show you the reactor in process, so you can actually see how well it performs.
Using membrane technology is not very economical but with high COD that cannot be reduced by bio reaction it makes good sense. When BOD/COD is dropped to zero (like in most of our systems) or to single digits, then use of ozone is the most cost-effective way to oxidize the arsenic and it is widely used method in mining industry to remove the arsenic from their tail ponds.
Best Regards,
Mikhail Shifrin
This is a highly recommended scientific research paper relevant to this ResearchGate discussion thread question:
Article Arsenic Removal from Water: An Overview of Recent Technologies
This is a well respected scientific research study about removing arsenic from drinking water in certain countries:
Article Arsenic removal methods for drinking water in the developing...
This link will provide access to a scientific article in _Nature_:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-17903-z
Water and Your Health, Water Filtration
By Tommy Stricklin
The Best Water Filtration System to Remove Arsenic and Other Toxic Chemicals from Water
Table of Contents
Arsenic is a natural element that occurs in rocks and soil – and nowadays – in our precious drinking water. In excess amounts, inorganic arsenic can quickly make its way into ground and surface water as a byproduct of mining and other industrial processes, as well as through agriculture, where it is used in fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides.
Because arsenic is odorless and tasteless, it can go undetected and affect the human body with dreadful symptoms such as stomach pain, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, thickening and discoloration of the skin, numbness in the hands and feet, blindness, and partial paralysis. Long-term exposure to this dangerous chemical can have more chronic symptoms, and can even lead to death.
Considering these frightening health concerns, you might be wondering how to remove arsenic from water, especially if you’ve tested positive for the chemical in your home’s water supply. To get the job done effectively, you’ll need more than just a standard carbon filter. The best water filtration system to remove arsenic from your drinking water is none other than a Reverse Osmosis (RO) water filtration system.
Reverse Osmosis, also known as RO, is a process that uses pressure to force water through a special semi-permeable membrane to remove dissolved pollutants. The layer has tiny pores that allow the water molecules to pass through while trapping larger particles like lead, iron, chromium, and arsenic. The best Reverse Osmosis water filtration systems can filter out up 99% of arsenic from water while serving your home with ample amounts of fresh, clean water every day.
But what’s the best Reverse Osmosis Water Filter system to remove arsenic and other harmful chemicals from drinking water? Continue reading to find out.
First of all, why are Reverse Osmosis systems the best water filtration systems for removing arsenic from drinking water?
Good question. The thing is, reverse Osmosis can remove up to 99% of the dissolved salts, particles, organics, and colloids from the feed water. The RO membrane rejects contaminants based on their size and charge. A properly running RO system will likely reject any contaminant that has a molecular weight that is greater than 200. Likewise, the higher the ionic charge of the contaminants, the more likely it will be unable to pass through the RO membrane.
When the feedwater enters the RO membrane under pressure, the water molecules pass through the membrane, and the salts and other contaminants are blocked and discharged through the reject stream (AKA, the concentrate or brine stream). The wastewater can then get washed down the drain or the system channels it can back into the feedwater supply for the system to recycle and save water.
RO systems also employ cross filtration instead of standard filtration, where the filter media trap the contaminants. With cross filtration, the solution passes through the filter, or crosses it, with two outlets. The filtered water goes one way, and the contaminated water goes another way. Cross filtration helps to avoid the buildup of contaminants by allowing the water to wash away the contaminant buildup while allowing enough turbulence to keep the membrane surface clean.
Apart from providing clean, great-tasting water to drink and cook with, RO systems are also energy- and cost-effective. The RO filtration process uses no electricity, and the system itself can produce high-quality water for pennies per gallon. Not to mention the convenience of being able to access it right at your kitchen tap.
Last but certainly not least, the best RO water filtration systems are quite easy to maintain and require no chemicals. All you have to do is swap out the filters and membranes according to your system’s manual. Better yet, you only need to replace most of the filters every six to 12 months, and replace the RO membrane every two to three years, depending on the water quality in your area and the volume of water the system supplies to your home.
What is the best water filtration system to remove arsenic and other toxic chemicals from water?
And the best water filtration system to remove arsenic and toxic chemicals from water is the Springwell Reverse Osmosis Water Filtration System (SWRO).
The SWRO filtration system is the perfect solution for filtering out dangerous chemicals and heavy metals from your drinking water. It is a compact Point-of-Entry (POE) system that can fit perfectly under almost any kitchen sink. It takes up the space of a gallon jug, but if it cannot fit under your kitchen sink, you can install it against a sidewall.
The best RO systems offer targeted filtration, which means they can target different kinds of contaminants using various filters. While some filtering systems only contain one type of filter, the SWRO unit offers a variety. This powerful system uses a targeted 4-stage filtration process to remove the following contaminants from tap water:
LeadIronPesticidesMercuryAluminumHerbicidesFluorideChlorineChlorine ByproductsArsenicChloramineAnd more…
During Stage 1 (Sediment Filtration), the system removes all the sediment, dirt, sand, and other large particles that are present in your drinking water. In Stage 2 (Carbon Filtration), it uses carbon filtration to remove rust, pipe residue, chlorine, chloramine, herbicides, pesticides, and others. In the Reverse Osmosis stage (Stage 3), it uses Reverse Osmosis to filter out heavy metals such as lead, aluminum, iron, and mercury, as well as chemicals like arsenic, fluoride, and more. The last stage, Carbon Filtration, finalizes the cleaning phase and removes any addition contaminants that occurred as a result of the three previous steps.
Another remarkable feature of the SWRO water filtration system is its unbelievable water output. This model provides 75 gallons of fresh, clean water per day, adequately serving a good size household.
In terms of maintenance, you must replace the sediment filter every six months, the carbon filter every six months, and the RO membrane every 24 months. To sweeten the deal, this model comes with a lifetime warranty against defects!
Verdict
There you have it: the best water filtration system to remove arsenic and other toxic chemicals and metals from water. The Springwell Reverse Osmosis Water Filtration System (SWRO) is a robust and cost-effective system that can make your home much safer and more peaceful by removing some of the most toxic chemicals and metal in your water.
Don’t hesitate to visit our website at www.springwellwater.com or contact us to learn more about this particular system and others. Also, make sure to check out the best water filtration systems for your home.
📷
Author: Tommy Stricklin
Tommy Stricklin is Springwell Water's chief water specialist with more than 2 decades of experience and knowledge within the residential water industry.
PREVIOUSEmerging US Water Contamination Concerns
NEXTThe Dangers of Drinking Contaminated Water During Pregnancy
📷
PRODUCTS BY CATEGORY
- Sediment Filters
- Whole House Water Filters
- Well Water Filter Systems
- Water Softeners & Conditioners
- Water Filter Softener Dual Systems
- UV Purification Systems
- Adapters & Installation Kits
- Replacement Media & Filters
- O-Rings
- Replacement Filters
- Replacement Media
- RO Replacement Filters
- Under Counter Filtration
- Water Testing Kits
BLOG CATEGORIES
- Charity
- Contamination
- Environment
- SpringWell Water Systems
- Tips & How To
- Water and Your Health
- Water Filtration
- Water in the News
- Water Softening
- Well Water
RELATED POSTS
📷
Carbonated Water and Your Health
📷
10 Common Problems a Water Test Can Detect in Tap Water
📷
What EPA’s New PFAS Plan Could Mean for America’s Drinking Water
📷
7 Signs of Sediment Buildup in Your Water Heater
📷REQUEST AFree Call! REQUEST NOW!Would you like more information on our whole house water filtration and softening products?800-589-5592📷📷
Connect With Us SpringWell Water Filter Systems 2381 Mason Ave. Ste. 140 Daytona Beach, FL 32117 Toll Free: 800-589-5592© SpringWell Water Filtration SystemsFollow Us Latest Water Articles Carbonated Water and Your Health December 02, 2021 10 Common Problems a Water Test Can Detect in Tap Water November 18, 2021 What EPA’s New PFAS Plan Could Mean for America’s Drinking Water October 28, 2021 7 Signs of Sediment Buildup in Your Water Heater October 20, 2021
SOURCE LINK: https://www.springwellwater.com/best-water-filter-to-remove-arsenic/
Contamination, Tips & How To, Water and Your Health, Water Filtration
By Tommy Stricklin
10 Common Problems a Water Test Can Detect in Tap Water
Table of Contents
If you’re like most homeowners, you don’t think much about what could be lurking in your drinking water. After all, the US is said to have some of the cleanest tap water on earth. Plus, your water seems crystal-clear and refreshing in your drinking glass. So why even bother?
The shocking reality is that, even though your water may appear pure and pristine like water flowing gracefully from the heart of the Ouachita Mountains, it could be tainted with potentially toxic contaminants you cannot see, taste or smell. This is where a water test comes in.
A water test can detect various problems potentially affecting your drinking water quality. Perhaps your water smells like rotten eggs, sewage, or chlorine. Or maybe or you’ve noticed spots, stains, or buildup around your sinks, toilets, or showerheads. Whatever the case, a water test can help you understand what may be causing any specific concerns related to your water quality.
Continue reading to discover what problems a water test can disclose about your drinking water (if any) and several effective treatment solutions you can implement for cleaner, safer, better-tasting water.
In-Home Water Testing
A home water testing kit lets you test your drinking water at home and determine its contents in as little as five minutes or less, depending on the type and brand. The testing categories may differ from one brand or type to the next, but you’ll usually receive results related to the following water quality attributes.
1. High Chlorine Content
Most water treatment facilities use chlorine to disinfect water, thanks to the chemical’s wide-scale availability, low cost, ease of use, and proficiency at destroying germs. The high toxicity of chlorine makes it a powerful chemical that can destroy bacteria, microbes, and pathogens that can leach into your water supply. By killing these disease-causing germs, the chemical helps to make water safe to drink.
While chlorine is typically safe, high chlorine levels can affect the taste and smell of water, especially if you live close to a local treatment facility. It can also react with any organic compounds already present in the water, creating harmful disinfection byproducts. Studies show that some of these chlorine byproducts can cause stillbirths, congenital disabilities, an increased risk of kidney and liver cancer, and issues with the central nervous system, heart, kidneys, and liver.
Thankfully, a water test can determine the chlorine level in your water, so you can take steps to reduce it if necessary.
2. Water Hardness
Another problem a water test can reveal about drinking water is the high hardness level. Water hardness is the amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium in the water. High concentrations of these hardness minerals can leave white, chalky scum around your pipes, faucets, sinks, showerheads, and toilets. And yes, it looks as nasty as it sounds.
Even if you use the best-quality soaps and shampoos available, it takes longer to create a good lather with hard water. Instead of making a foamy lather, it leaves soap scum on your skin, in your hair, and on bathroom walls and shower doors. Not only that, hard water can leave streaks on dishes and impact your plumbing and the efficiency and longevity of your water heater and water-using appliances.
3. Water Acidity or Alkalinity
In-home water testing can help you determine your water’s pH level (a measure of how acidic or basic the water is). If the pH level is below seven, that means it is acidic. In this case, your water “eats away” at your plumbing as it travels to your faucets, leaving your copper pipes and plumbing fixtures thin and prone to pinhole leaks. As the acidic water travels, it brings along the metallic strips leached from your pipes. And once the water flow stops or evaporates, it deposits the materials, leaving blue-green or rust stains on your plumbing fixtures, faucets, drains, bathtubs, and sinks. Unfortunately, the problem multiplies for homes with galvanized steel or cast-iron pipes and “sensitive” surfaces. Acidic water may also taste metallic, somewhat like the water coming out of the water hose when you were a kid.
Conversely, water with a pH level of more than seven is considered basic (or alkaline). As a result, the water carries loads of minerals and impurities and offloads them as it travels through plumbing. This often leads to scale buildup on and inside your pipes and water-using appliances, restricting the water’s flow into your home and said appliances.
The hard-water-like buildup associated with alkaline water can create more extensive problems for your home’s plumbing and water-using appliances. It will leave whitish scaly deposits on your dishes, utensils, tubs, and appliances and can clog your pipes. Over time, your pipes may lose pressure, devices (like electric water heaters) may become less efficient and start to burn out, and showerheads can become clogged with scaley residue. Beyond that, high pH levels can give the water a bitter taste, especially when you make your morning coffee. It can also make it hard to get a lather out of soaps and detergents.
4. Excess Iron Content
Well users can benefit significantly from testing for iron. While there is no evidence that consuming iron-contaminated water is harmful to your health, it can wreak havoc in your household. Excess iron content in your drinking water gives the water a metallic taste and odor and can leave nasty and unpleasant stains on laundry, dishes, plumbing fixtures, and surfaces. The iron may also foster the growth of iron bacteria and other types of bacteria. So, if you notice any dark-colored reddish, brown, or yellow slime in your sinks, bathtub, or toilet tank, there might be iron bacteria present in your water. This slime can also clog pipes and plumbing fixtures and make your drains smelly.
5. Hydrogen Sulfide
If you notice that your drinking water smells like rotten eggs, you might mistake it for something else, like a dead insect or animal in your water. However, water can sometimes accumulate a chemical gas called hydrogen sulfide, which creates a horrible rotten egg odor as it is released. This gas occurs primarily in well water and groundwater. Usually, it is produced by certain “sulfur bacteria,” chemical reactions inside water heaters or with soil and rock, pollution, or decay. If you have well water, it is a good idea to test for hydrogen sulfide.
6. High/Low TDS Level
TDS, short for Total Dissolved Solids, is a measure of the combined total of organic and inorganic substances dissolved in water. It includes anything present in the water other than the pure H2O molecules.
A high TDS level in your water means it is unfit for consumption and can cause various diseases and illnesses, like nausea, lung irritation, rashes, vomiting, dizziness, etc. Drinking water with an elevated TDS amount for more extended periods will expose the body to various chemicals and toxins. It may also cause chronic health conditions like cancer, liver, kidney failures, nervous system disorders, weaken immunity, and cause congenital disabilities in the newborn.
Several studies suggest that consuming water with low TDS may cause minerals to leach from healthy tissues in the body.
Advanced Laboratory Water Testing
While home water testing can detect various problems possibly affecting your drinking water, advanced laboratory testing can test for more serious issues. Generally, this type of testing requires you to take a water sample from your tap and send it to a laboratory for analysis.
Depending on the laboratory, the test(s) you wish to perform, and various other factors, the results may come back within a few business days to a week or two. This type of testing can reveal information about the following issues and other possible contaminants not necessarily in your drinking water, such as:
7. Lead Contamination
Lead became the preferred material for water pipes centuries ago, thanks to its malleability. But today, it is widely known as a notoriously dangerous material that doesn’t belong anywhere in our homes – and especially not in our drinking water.
Lead can sneak into your home’s drinking water supply through old pipes, plumbing, and fixtures, so you want to test your water at the point of use. That’s because you cannot see, taste, or smell lead in water. A water test is the only way to detect it.
Once exposed, the metal can significantly affect childhood health and development. Almost any level of exposure to this toxic hazard can inhibit the development of children’s physical and mental abilities. Common symptoms may include slow growth, hyperactivity, hearing loss, tiredness, and head and stomach aches, to name a few.
8. High Copper Content
Copper is naturally present in the earth’s crust and the air, usually in massive amounts. Because of that, high levels of the mineral may leach into some water sources through various activities, such as farming, mining, manufacturing, municipal or industrial wastewater releases, and more, then enter private wells. The mineral can also leach from old copper pipes and fixtures into your home’s water supply. Typically, copper can leave a green-blue stain on taps, pipes, hand basins, showers or toilets, and introduce a metallic or unpleasant bitter taste in drinking water. However, the best way to be sure if copper is the culprit is to conduct a water test.
9. Arsenic
Arsenic is one of the most dangerous contaminants found in Americans’ water supply and one you want to avoid at all costs. Because arsenic is odorless and tasteless, it can go undetected without a water test. Once ingested over time (even in small amounts), it can plague the human body with dreadful symptoms such as stomach pain, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, thickening and discoloration of the skin, numbness in the hands and feet, blindness, and partial paralysis. Long-term exposure to this dangerous chemical can have more chronic symptoms and can even lead to death.
10. Bacteria Presence
A water test can also detect the presence of bacteria, viruses, and other microbes potentially in your drinking water. In addition to sulfur and iron bacteria, total coliform bacteria are sometimes present in drinking water supplies. If your drinking water contains any concentration of coliform bacteria, chances are disease-causing ones, like fecal coliform or E. coli, may also be present. Issues related to these varieties of bacteria include gastrointestinal distress, illness, vomiting, and nausea.
So, you’ve tested your drinking water. Now what?
First off, we applaud you for taking the first step to achieving clean, contaminant-free drinking water for you and your family: testing your water. Now, based on the findings from the water test, you’ll need to decide on a treatment solution that will best suit your needs if it’s required.
Springwell provides excellent options that can work for different budgets and users, such as paying the total purchase price of the equipment up front or financing water filtration systems and softeners through affordable monthly payments.
We also have options for those who require whole-house protection or filtration at specific taps in their households and various add-ons and combo units for more efficient, superior water filtration.
Here are some of the components that may form part of or your entire treatment solution:
Water Softeners and Conditioners
A few common symptoms can indicate the presence of hard water: limescale buildup in pipes, water heaters, and water-using appliances, chalky white films on dishes, mineral scale buildup on water faucets and showerheads, and dry hair and skin, to name a few. Thankfully, installing a water softener or conditioner helps address these and other hardness issues.
Traditional water softeners soften water through a process called “ion exchange,” which involves replacing the hardness ions in the water with more desirable sodium or potassium ions. However, this softening technique means the system will require ongoing maintenance, as users must purchase large bags of salt to refill the brine tank from time to time. But more recently, salt-free water conditioners have gained much popularity as an eco-friendly and maintenance-free alternative.
Salt-free systems, including the Springwell FutureSoft FS1 Salt-Free Water Softener, use a physical process called Template-Assisted Crystallization (TAC) to condition water. Unlike ion exchange, TAC doesn’t use salt. Instead, it converts the dissolved hardness minerals into tiny calcite crystals that remain suspended in the water. The TAC process essentially changes the minerals’ chemical structure. That way, they won’t stick to surfaces and cause scale buildup in pipes and appliances.
Reverse Osmosis (RO) Water Filtration Systems
Reverse osmosis, or RO for short, is a process that uses intense water pressure to force the source water through a semipermeable membrane that leaves the solid contaminants behind on one side while allowing the water molecules to pass on the other side. Think of a screen door. It allows air molecules to pass through but not pests or anything larger than the holes in the screen door. In the same way, the RO membrane has tiny pores that allow the source water to pass through it while “screening” objects that are too big to pass through.
Under-counter RO filtration systems like the Springwell SWRO Reverse Osmosis Water Filter can remove up to 99% of impurities and contaminants like lead, arsenic, iron, fluoride, chlorine, and other pollutants from drinking water. As a result, you can get fresh, filtered water directly from your kitchen sink while eliminating the hassle, waste, and exorbitant cost of alternatives like single-use plastic bottles.
Whole House Water Filtration Systems
As “whole house” suggests, these systems provide water filtration for the entire home. Whole house systems treat water at the point of entry, allowing you to enjoy clean filtered water from every tap in your home.
Point-of-entry systems like the Springwell CF1 Whole House Filtration System eliminate contaminants, including chlorine, iron, hydrogen sulfide, pesticides, herbicides, haloacetic acids, and many more. For even more thorough filtration, you can add our Springwell UV Water Purification System to destroy 99.99% of harmful pathogens, viruses, and bacteria and protect your home against contaminated water.
With this unique and powerful addition, you’ll have cleaner, better-tasting water flowing throughout your home available for washing dishes, doing laundry, cleaning, bathing, and other uses.
Learn More About Your Drinking Water Quality
Considering how vital water is to our health and daily needs, it’s crucial to know what’s in it and how factors like hardness, pH, and TDS affect its quality. This information can save you and your family from severe illnesses, household issues, problems with your water heater and appliances, etc.
By performing an in-home water test or sending a water sample for comprehensive laboratory analysis, you can have a complete understanding of your home’s water supply. With this information in hand, you can work directly with a professional to help you identify the most suitable treatment options for your home. Undoubtedly, this is the best way to ensure that you have cleaner, safer, great-tasting water on tap and at the ready for your entire family.
Purchase a water test kit from our website today!
Final Thoughts
Testing your water is a crucial part of ensuring it is suitable for drinking and various household uses. A water test can detect potential problems in drinking water, such as high iron content, bacteria presence, hydrogen sulfide, lead contamination, etc. Based on the test results, you can decide on a water filtration system that best addresses the problems and meets your specific needs.
Springwell offers a range of water filtration options, including water softeners and conditioners, reverse osmosis systems, whole house water filtration systems, and combo filtration units. Contact us today if you need help finding the best solution for your budget and specific needs.
📷
Author: Tommy Stricklin
Tommy Stricklin is Springwell Water's chief water specialist with more than 2 decades of experience and knowledge within the residential water industry.
PREVIOUSWhat EPA’s New PFAS Plan Could Mean for America’s Drinking Water
NEXTCarbonated Water and Your Health
📷
PRODUCTS BY CATEGORY
- Sediment Filters
- Whole House Water Filters
- Well Water Filter Systems
- Water Softeners & Conditioners
- Water Filter Softener Dual Systems
- UV Purification Systems
- Adapters & Installation Kits
- Replacement Media & Filters
- O-Rings
- Replacement Filters
- Replacement Media
- RO Replacement Filters
- Under Counter Filtration
- Water Testing Kits
BLOG CATEGORIES
- Charity
- Contamination
- Environment
- SpringWell Water Systems
- Tips & How To
- Water and Your Health
- Water Filtration
- Water in the News
- Water Softening
- Well Water
RELATED POSTS
📷
Carbonated Water and Your Health
📷
What EPA’s New PFAS Plan Could Mean for America’s Drinking Water
📷
7 Signs of Sediment Buildup in Your Water Heater
📷
Hurricane Season: How Hurricanes Can Affect Drinking Water Quality
📷REQUEST AFree Call! REQUEST NOW!Would you like more information on our whole house water filtration and softening products?800-589-5592📷📷
Connect With Us SpringWell Water Filter Systems 2381 Mason Ave. Ste. 140 Daytona Beach, FL 32117 Toll Free: 800-589-5592© SpringWell Water Filtration SystemsFollow Us Latest Water Articles Carbonated Water and Your Health December 02, 2021 10 Common Problems a Water Test Can Detect in Tap Water November 18, 2021 What EPA’s New PFAS Plan Could Mean for America’s Drinking Water October 28, 2021 7 Signs of Sediment Buildup in Your Water Heater October 20, 2021
SOURCE LINK: https://www.springwellwater.com/10-common-problems-a-water-test-can-detect-in-tap-water/
- Major Systems
The Best Well Water Filtration Systems for Clean Drinking Water
These whole-house filtration systems can filter out bacteria, pesticides, heavy metals, and more for healthier and better-tasting drinking water.
By Jenn Ryan | Updated May 4, 2021 1:43 PM
BobVila.com and its partners may earn a commission if you purchase a product through one of our links.
- BEST OVERALL📷Express Water 3 Stage Whole House Water FiltrationCHECK LATEST PRICE
- BEST BANG FOR THE BUCK📷iSpring 3-Stage Whole House Water FiltrationCHECK LATEST PRICE
- BEST FOR HARD WATER📷Aquasana Whole House Water Filter SystemCHECK LATEST PRICE
📷
Photo: depositphotos.com
Choosing the best well water filtration system for clean drinking water doesn’t have to be difficult. It’s easier when you know which contaminants are in your water, as there are different filtration systems that filter out different contaminants. When looking for a well water filtration system, determining whether or not you have hard water and which water flow rate is best for your particular needs is also important.
While the right well water filtration system won’t be the same for every home, there are options that can be the most efficient system for your needs. Keep reading to learn about well water filtration system features, and check out the list below of some of the best well water filtration systems for your entire home.
📷
Photo: pixabay.com
Before You Buy a Well Water Filtration System
Before purchasing a well water filtration system, it’s a good idea to test the water so you know what contaminants, if any, are present. It also lets you know the amounts of those contaminants and if the levels are high enough to warrant filtering them out.
Water testing kits can be purchased online and can be done at home. Some are mailed to a lab for testing, while other test kits can be completed at home. These at-home kits contain strips that change color depending on which contaminants are present. A local water company also can be hired to test the water. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends testing well water annually.
What to Consider When Choosing the Best Well Water Filtration System
When looking for the best well water filtration system, it’s important to take into account a few factors, including what contaminants the system will filter out, filter size, flow rate, and filter type. Evaluating these factors will help you choose the right water filtration system for a home.
Water Contaminants
Different filtration systems filter out different contaminants for clean drinking water. Some filtration systems are designed to filter out heavy metals, while others are better for filtering out bacteria. This is why it’s so important to find out what contaminants you’re dealing with before investing in a well water filtration system for your home.
Common contaminants in well water include the following:
- Microorganisms. Bacteria in well water, such as coliform bacteria and E. Coli, are common. Most exist at levels that aren’t harmful, but some homes have higher levels that will benefit from filtration, as higher levels of bacteria can lead to disease and even death.
- Nitrate. Nitrate can naturally contaminate well water and doesn’t normally pose an issue, but high levels can be a concern. Consuming too much nitrate can cause headaches, nausea, and even an increased risk of cancer.
- Heavy metals. These can include copper, lead, cadmium, arsenic, and chromium. While trace amounts of these metals are generally not harmful, significant amounts of heavy metals can pose health threats, such as an increased risk of cancer, especially if consumed over time.
- Organic chemicals. Substances can include pesticides, pharmaceuticals, paints, dyes, and disinfectants that can contaminate well water. Organic chemicals such as these can cause liver and kidney damage as well as damage to the nervous and reproductive systems.
- Fluoride. Fluoride is often added to public drinking water supplies to help prevent tooth decay, but fluoride also can contaminate well water, and high amounts of fluoride can have adverse health effects, such as nausea, vomiting, seizures, and skeletal fluorosis.
- Iron. Iron plumbing pipes can contaminate water as it enters the house, but iron also can come naturally from the ground. Like many contaminants, low levels are generally not harmful, but high levels are of concern and can cause organ damage, acne, fatigue, and joint pain.
- Sediment. These are particles such as sand and dirt that naturally occur in well water, but removing them is important to ensure water is clean and to minimize wear on appliances. Sulfur. While too much sulfur, in and of itself, isn’t necessarily bad in drinking water, many detest the smell of sulfur, which can have a rotten egg odor.
Filter Type
There are different types of water filters that whole-house filtration systems use for well water. These include activated carbon, resin, reverse osmosis, water ionizer, UV filters, and infrared filters.
- Activated carbon. Carbon filters essentially absorb contaminants, preventing them from passing through the filter. These are best for removing pesticides and lead but can remove iron and bacteria as well. Coconut shell is a common material used in activated carbon fiber filters.
- Resin. Resin filters work well for removing iron and tend to last longer than other types of filters while providing adequate water flow.
- Reverse osmosis. Using pressure and a semipermeable membrane, reverse osmosis can remove heavy metals and fluoride, but it’s not the best system for removing pesticides and organic contaminants.
- Water ionizer. Water ionizers use an electrical charge to filter water and can filter out heavy metals and pesticides. Be sure to confirm what contaminants a specific brand can filter out to be sure it’s the right choice for the water.
- UV filters. Using an ultraviolet (UV) light, these filters are best for killing bacteria, but they don’t remove other drinking water contaminants.
- Infrared filters. These filters use light and heat to soften water, which is useful for homes with hard water. Although it can kill bacteria, it’s not ideal for removing other contaminants.
Some systems also allow the use of multiple filters to filter out contaminants. For example, if there is bacteria in the water, a UV filter can help. If there also are other contaminants, such as organic chemicals or lead, an added activated carbon filter would work. Filters also can use a series of stages to filter out contaminants for clean drinking water. For example, stage one will filter out sediment, while stage four will filter out organic chemicals. Many systems can add a UV light to the system to kill bacteria.
Filter Size
Different water filtration systems have different filter sizes. The size affects where the system can fit in a home, such as under the sink, as well as how much water it can filter at a time.
Some systems are more than 50 inches tall, while others are less than 30 inches tall. The filter size also determines how many gallons of water it can purify before the filter needs to be changed. Some manufacturers also specify a time limit for changing the filter.
As a general rule, water filters will need to be changed every few months. Some will need to be changed every 3 months, while others are fine to be changed every 9 months or a year. It depends on the type of filter as well as how much water it filters and the amount of contaminants that need to be removed.
Flow Rate
A water filtration system also will have a certain flow rate, meaning the amount of water the system can filter that is ready to be used at any given time. This measurement is typically given in gallons per minute (GPM).
Some whole-house filtration systems have 7 GPM, while others go up to 15 or 20 GPM. A home may require a certain flow rate, so this is worth checking into when looking for the best well water filtration system. The home’s flow rate can be checked by collecting and measuring water that comes out of a given faucet in a home. Collect full-pressure water from a fixture for 10 seconds in a bucket, and then multiply the number of gallons collected by six to find the fixture’s gallons per minute.
The average home requires a flow rate of 6 to 12 GPM, depending on the size of the home and how many people live there. However, it also can depend on personal preference, based on how fast water needs to be available from the filtration system.
Built-In Water Softener
Some whole-house water filtration systems have a built-in water softener. This is ideal for homes that have hard water. Hard water is water that has a high mineral content, especially calcium and magnesium, which can damage appliances and water pipes over time.
Filtration systems can use either a salt-based or salt-free mechanism to soften water. Well water filtration systems that have a built-in water softener typically use salt-free methods of conditioning the water. They don’t actually demineralize the water, but they do “soften” it to prevent mineral buildup.
NSF Certification
The National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) certification on a water filtration product means that the product’s claims have been verified to do what the company claims they do. For example, if a NSF-certified water filtration system says it removes iron down to three parts per million (ppm), there is trust that the product will do that.
Not every filtration system will be NSF certified. NSF-certified products also are made from components that will not leach more contaminants into the water, such as plastic made with bisphenol A (BPA), a synthetic chemical that’s been linked to hormone disruption in humans.
Installation
Some whole-house filtration systems are easier to install than others. While some systems are easy enough to install yourself, others will require professional assistance. Some filtration systems have an installation kit to make installation easier. Other systems will recommend that a professional install the filtration system, if you’re not familiar with plumbing.
Although ease of installation is certainly a factor to consider when looking for the best well water filtration system, it may not be the sole deciding factor. After all, ensuring the system can filter out the water’s specific contaminants is more important than the installation process.
Our Top Picks
Our top picks for the best well water filtration system are based on the contaminants the systems remove, the cost, certification, efficiency, ease of installation, and maintenance. The following options are some of the best picks for whole-house filtration systems that provide clean drinking water.
BEST OVERALL1Express Water 3 Stage Whole House Water Filtration 📷Photo: homedepot.comCHECK LATEST PRICE This whole-house water filtration system uses three stages to remove more than 80 common contaminants from well water, including heavy metals, chlorine, pesticides, sediment, bacteria, iron, and organic chemicals. Stage one uses a microfiber sediment filter. Stage two uses a carbon filter to filter out lead, sulfur, iron, bacteria, and more. And stage three uses an additional carbon filter to remove pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and other organic chemicals.This system allows for a flow capacity of 0.25 gallons per second, which means 15 GPM. The filter needs to be changed every 100,000 gallons, which can be every 6 to 12 months, depending on water use. For its water flow, the amount of contaminants it filters out, and the price, this is the best overall pick.
BEST BANG FOR THE BUCK2iSpring 3-Stage Whole House Water Filtration 📷Photo: amazon.comCHECK LATEST PRICE Designed to filter out heavy metals, chlorine, pesticides, iron, and sediment with a three-stage filtration process this whole-house water filtration system also uses an activated carbon filter. The filter needs to be changed every 100,000 gallons, which is approximately annually for a family of four.This system is designed for easy DIY installation and provides up to 15 GPM of water flow. It is smaller than some other whole-house systems, which makes it easier to fit into out-of-the-way spaces in the house. While it’s not designed to filter out bacteria and doesn’t have a built-in water softener, this system is an affordable option for filtering out organic contaminants, iron, and sediment for clean drinking well water.
BEST FOR HARD WATER3Aquasana Whole House Water Filter System 📷Photo: amazon.comCHECK LATEST PRICE Aquasana’s whole-house filtration system removes pesticides, chlorine, and heavy metals. It has a built-in salt-free water conditioner, which is ideal for hard water. The system is designed to last for 1,000,000 gallons, or up to 10 years, whichever comes first. The filtration system uses an activated carbon filter to remove contaminants, so it is ideal for heavy metals, sediment, and organic contaminants, but not suitable for well water that’s contaminated with bacteria.It’s recommended that the filter be changed every 3 months for optimal performance, which is more frequent than some other water filters recommend. It also provides 7 GPM of water flow, which may be suitable for some homes, but insufficient for others.
BEST TO REMOVE BACTERIA4Pelican Water UV Water Treatment and Disinfection 📷Photo: homedepot.comCHECK LATEST PRICE Pelican’s UV Water Treatment and Disinfection System offers between 9 to 16 GPM and kills viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens in well water. It destroys 99.9 percent of contaminants, including E. Coli, and doesn’t produce any contamination byproducts, meaning the decontamination process won’t affect the taste or smell of water.The UV lamp needs to be cleaned every so often and will need to be replaced annually. The system has a notification display which provides alerts for when the lamp needs to be changed.This system is not recommended for water that’s contaminated with iron or sulfur, as both of these contaminants prevent the UV light from properly destroying bacteria. However, the system is NSF certified.
BEST FOR REMOVE IRON5AFWFilters Iron Pro 2 Water Softener Iron Filter 📷Photo: amazon.comCHECK LATEST PRICE This combination of water softener and iron filter works for the whole house and removes iron up to 8 parts per million (ppm). It removes manganese, sediment (including sand), and rust, and can take the sulfur smell out of drinking water.The built-in water softener feature can be ideal for homes with both hard water and high amounts of iron in their well water. It uses a resin filter that lasts longer than carbon filters and provides better water flow. It also has a digital interface that indicates when it’s time to refill the salt. This system is designed for easy DIY installation.
BEST FOR REMOVE SEDIMENT6Home Master Whole House Water Filtration System 📷Photo: amazon.comCHECK LATEST PRICE This system removes up to 95 percent of iron, manganese, sediment, and other contaminants from well water with a three-stage filtration system. With 15 GPM, this system uses a carbon filter to keep contaminants out of water. Featuring a multi-gradient density sediment filter, which physically blocks particles of sediment from entering water, this system can filter out finer particles of sediment. It’s conveniently sized and can be installed as a DIY project or with professional assistance.The filter needs to be replaced every 95,000 gallons, which is about every year for a family of four. However, it isn’t designed to remove bacteria or chlorine from water, and it doesn’t have a built-in water softener.
FAQs About Well Water Filtration Systems
Now that you know more about water filtration systems for well water, there may be new or lingering questions. Below are answers to some popular questions about how well water filtration systems work and how to choose the best whole house water filter.
Q. Do water filters remove hard water?
No, not all water filters remove hard water. Some water filters come with a built-in water softening system that will condition hard water.
Q. Does a whole house water filter reduce water pressure?
If you get a system that fits your GPM needs, it should not reduce water pressure.
Q. How do I choose a whole house water filter?
Begin by testing the water to see what contaminants need to be filtered out. Then, determine the home’s GPM needs and if a water softener is needed to counter the effects of hard water.
Q. How do you maintain a well water filtration system?
Each system will have specific maintenance needs, but generally, it will require changing the filter or UV light at regular intervals.
Disclosure: BobVila.com participates in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for publishers to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.
TAGS:
maintenance
choose
healthy home
MORE FROM BOB VILA
📷
12 Ingenious Ways to Upcycle Old Pillowcases
📷
5 Signs You Need to Start Filtering Your Home's Water
ADVERTISEMENT
📷
9 Dangers Lurking in Your Home’s Water Supply
📷
12 Things Your Plumber Wishes You Knew
📷
20 Bad Habits That Could Burn Down Your House
📷
15 Things You Should Never Burn in the Fireplace
📷
7 House Sounds You Never Want to Ignore
- Best Sump Pump
- Best Water Softener
- How to Use Masonry Waterproofer
- Cracks in Basement Floor
- Best Wood Filler
- Uses for Caulk
- Best Battery Backup Sump Pump
- Best Soundproofing Materials
📷Newsletter signup:
You agree that BobVila.com may process your data in the manner described by our Privacy Policy.
- About Bob
- Newsletters
- Contact
- Advertising
- Privacy Policy
- Terms of Use
- Do Not Sell My Personal Info
Copyright © 2021 Acton Media Inc. All rights reserved.
SOURCE LINK: https://www.bobvila.com/articles/best-well-water-filtration-system/
"Wastewater: Sludge Removal & the Chemicals Used"
https://blog.polyprocessing.com/blog/wastewater-sludge-removal-the-chemicals-used
📷Wastewater treatment involves several key components: physical treatment (i.e. screening and filtering processes), biological treatment (i.e. oxidation ponds and lagoons), and chemicals. The chemicals required for water treatment must be used more aggressively and in larger quantities for wastewater than municipal drinking water. As such, safe, proper storage for wastewater treatment chemicals is critical.
There are five basic steps for the wastewater treatment process, each of which involves a set of common chemicals. The steps are as follows: removal of solid particles, neutralization, odor control, disinfection, and sludge treatment and removal. The following details sludge removal and the chemicals used in the process.
Why Sludge Removal Is Necessary
Wastewater treatment produces sludge in both on-site (i.e. septic tank) and off-site (i.e. activated sludge) systems. As wastewater treatment takes solids out of the wastewater, it is inevitable that there will be sludge remaining. Sludge characteristics can vary significantly from fairly fresh fecal materials, which contain large quantities of pathogens, to fecal matter that has decomposed over the course of the year, which contains much fewer pathogens, as many of them have already died off. The treatment required for the sludge is highly dependent on the specific characteristics.
Before sludge goes through its final disposal, it must be treated to bring down the volume and stabilize the organic materials. Stabilized sludge does not have a harsh smell and can be handled without risk of safety hazards. With a smaller volume, the costs for storing, pumping, and disposing of the sludge are less.
📷
Wastewater Sludge Removal Options
There are various options for treating sludge including stabilization, thickening, dewatering, drying, and incineration. The costs for treating sludge and removing sludge from wastewater are roughly the same. Typically a polymer chemical is used for the volume reduction process known as dewatering. Polymers are slippery chemicals, which means that there is always a risk of slipping or falling due to spills and leaks. Polymers can also be environmental stress crack agents.
Dewatering decreases sludge liquid volume as much as 90 percent. Digested sludge is put through large centrifuges that work in the same fashion as a washing machine spin cycle. The spinning centrifuge produces a force that separates the majority of the water from the sludge solid, creating a biosolid substance. Then the water pulled from the spinning is sent back to the plant for reprocessing. Adding polymer chemical to the substance improves the consistency, creating a firmer product that is easier to manage. The biosolid cake consists of between 25 and 27 percent solid material.
How To Store Polymers Used for Sludge Removal
A cross-linked polyethylene vertical tank design with an IMFO® system is optimal for sludge control polymers and offers simple, stress-free cleaning because the tank drains at the true bottom. The tank's cross-linked construction enables increased expansion and contraction while keeping structural integrity, decreasing the risk of tank failure. Heat pads and insulation can assist with keeping chemicals at the proper temperature, substantially decreasing the possibility of separation and settling. A mixing system can also be installed to reduce the incidence of chemical separation.
If you are using chemicals for sludge removal in wastewater treatment, we have solutions to address your chemical storage needs.
Download our comprehensive guide on chemical storage for wastewater treatment for full details.
Download Our Wastewater Treatment Guide
Photo Credit: Peter Craven via Flickr cc
September 24, 2014
Topics: Applications
ABOUT POLY PROCESSING
- What's New
- Tradeshows We're Attending
- Markets We Serve
- Sales Territories
- Employment
- Distributors
POSTS BY TOPIC
- Fittings and Accessories (83)
- Value Added (76)
- Chemicals (55)
- Tank Design and Materials (52)
- Applications (40)
- Chemical Storage (32)
- Installation and Service (20)
- Certifications and Standards (12)
- Venting (12)
- News and Customer Stories (9)
- Technology Tips (5)
- power plants (1)
SEARCH ALL BLOG POSTS
Search Blog
📷
TECH TALK PODCAST EPISODES
SUBSCRIBE BY EMAIL
First Name
Last Name
Email*
Poly Processing will only use the information you provide to contact you about relevant content, products, or services and you may unsubscribe at any time.
RECENT POSTS NSF/ANSI 61: The Basics Six Essential Resources for Chemical Storage Success Building a Custom Chemical Storage System for Unique Chemicals The Latest Advances in Removing PFAS from Water Protecting Your Sodium Hypochlorite Chemical Tank From UV Exposure
Configure a Tank Package / TANK CONFIGURATOR Find the recommended tank and system components for your chemical storage challenge.
SOURCE LINK: https://blog.polyprocessing.com/blog/wastewater-sludge-removal-the-chemicals-used
How to Reduce Sludge in A Septic Tank System
https://cwscol.com/how-to-reduce-sludge.php
Method 1: Pumping and/or Cleaning
It’s a fact of life: Septic tanks need to be pumped periodically. As solids (sludge) builds up in the tank, the usable volume in the tank decreases. If sludge is left in a septic tank for a long time, it will compact and harden to the point where a pump truck cannot remove it. In that case, high-pressure hoses are needed to break up the sludge and clean out the tank.
Of course, this method is highly effective and thus the standard method for removing sludge from a septic tank. The problem is that it isn’t cheap and if this is the only method employed to remove sludge, it must be done regularly.
Method 2: Aeration and Bio-Enzymes, Microbes and Bio-Activators
Septic tanks are an anaerobic environment (without oxygen). Bacteria that consume sludge can only live in an aerobic environment (with oxygen). The key to reducing sludge in your septic tank with enzymes is to provide a source of air and a population of bacteria to consume the sludge.
This process can take a few weeks but can consume up to 95% of the sludge in your septic tank! The major added benefit, is that if you continue with the program, you should not have to pump your septic tank ever again!
Here is a cross section of a typical two-compartment septic tank. Solids are settled out of the wastewater prior to discharge to a disposal field.📷
Here is a septic tank with an aeration system installed. The aeration system is utilized and microbes are dosed in the first compartment. Sludge is settled in the second compartment prior to discharge to a disposal field.📷
How to Reduce Sludge in a Septic Tank Without Pumping
- Install an aeration system with diffused air in your septic tank. Break up any compacted sludge. Add a bio-activator or microbe blend. Maintain the aeration system. Add additional Microbes as required.
- 📷ProLake™ ClearLake™ Cold Water Clarifier$100.00 – $450.00
- 📷ProLake™ ClearLake™ Muck Eliminator (Formerly Waste and Sludge Digester)$100.00 – $450.00
- 📷ProLake™ ClearLake™ Muck Eliminator Tablets (Formerly Waste and Sludge Digester Pellets)$100.00 – $450.00
Let us help you!
At Clear Water Supply, we offer a full line of solutions by Waste Stream Technologies. We are not out to just sell product. We want to develop relationships and work with each of our clients to make sure they have exactly what they need to solve their current problems and avoid future ones.
Click here to see our ProLake™ & Keeton Industries solutions for wastewater lagoons and septic tank systems!
Click here to see our selection of bio-enzymes and microbes to digest sludge and boost the effectiveness of your lagoon, pond or septic tank treatment process!
Call us today to see what we can do for your septic tank system!
If you can’t find what you are looking for, contact us at (303) 520-4961 or [email protected] and we’ll help you find it.
- NOT SURE WHAT TO DO? WE CAN OFFER CONSULTING SERVICES TO GO ALONG WITH YOUR EQUIPMENT PURCHASE!
- HAVE A QUESTION?303 520 [email protected]
- IS YOUR POND SMELLY? OUR SOLUTIONS ARE:INEXPENSIVEEASY TO IMPLEMENTEFFECTIVE
- QUICK, COURTIOUS SERVICE!
- HAVE AN OLD SEPTIC SYSTEM THAT YOU NEED TO REPLACE?WE OFFER OPTIONS FOR AEROBIC TREATMENT SYSTEMS!
PONDS AND LAGOONS
- Solar Powered Aeration Systems
- Wastewater Pond and Lagoon Odor Control
- Wastewater Lagoon Sludge Control
- Pond Algae Control
- Wastewater Pond and Lagoon Rehabilitation
- Kasco Equipment Sizing and Data
MICROBE BLENDS
- Septic Bio-Enzymes
- Lagoon Bio-Enzymes by ProLake™
- ProLake™
- How to use Bio-Enzymes, Microbes and Bio-Activators in a Lagoon, Pond or Septic Tank System
- Dosing Rates For Microbe Process Enhancers By ProLake™
- Microbes and Microbe Blends For Wastewater Treatment
AERATION SYSTEMS
- Solar Powered Aeration Systems
- Wastewater Aeration
- Laminar Flow Aeration Technology
- Fishing Pond Aeration
- Surface vs Subsurface Aeration
CONTACT US
Aurora, CO USA
+ 303 520 4961
© 2021 Clear Water Supply. All Rights Reserved.
SOURCE LINK: https://cwscol.com/how-to-reduce-sludge.php
https://www.wateronline.com/doc/bio-augmentation-process-reduces-odors-and-0001
Get the best of Water Online delivered straight to your Inbox! sign me up
📷
Sign in or Sign-up
Water
Wastewater
Industrial
Utility Management
Innovations / Webinars
Trending
Case Study
Case Study: Bio-Augmentation Process Reduces Odors And Organic Sludge Build-Up
Source: RELIANT Water Technologies
Efficiently operating a wastewater treatment plant within budget and permit limits gets more challenging by the day! Plant administrators are constantly facing the battle of costly sludge disposal, noxious odor control and rising electricity expense. The City of Meridian, Mississippi also fell into this category until it made the decision in 2005 to utilize a product marketed by Reliant Water Technologies. Sewper Rx is a patented biotechnology process designed to greatly reduce noxious odor, organic sludge build-up and power consumption, while improving settling and effluent quality.
Meridian’s Main Treatment Plant is a standard, activated sludge design that is permitted for approximately 13 MGD and is operating at about 10 MGD. Its much newer and smaller East Treatment Plant is designed for 2.5 MGD, permitted for 1MGD and currently operates at about 50% of permit limit. The East Plant presented the ideal situation to run an initial trial of Sewper Rx.
In late July of 2005, City of Meridian officials agreed to field test Sewper Rx in their smaller East Plant. The goals of the demonstration were significant organic sludge reduction coupled with noxious odor control. Historically, this plant generated 35 tons of pressed sludge per month. So the 350,000 gallon aerated digester was initially treated with 200 lbs. of Sewper Rx in order to meet those goals.
VIEW THE CASE STUDY!Log In
Signing up provides unlimited access to:Free Sign Up📷
RELIANT Water Technologies
- Contact The Supplier
- Contact Details
- Company Profile
MORE FROM RELIANT Water Technologies
- 📷Case Study: Bio-Augmentation Process Reduces Sludge Build-Up, Improves Effluent Quality For Meridian, MS Wastewater treatment plants are constantly facing the battle of reducing sludge while trying to keep the cost of energy down. The city of Meridian, Mississippi, which operates two wastewater...
- Brochure: Sewper Rx Sludge Reduction System Sewper Rx is a proprietary poly-microbial blend of common natural microbes mixed with nutrients and enzymes. It exhibits superior digestion properties for the treatment of sewage sludge and greases,...
- Revitalizing A Hog Waste Lagoon A North Carolina hog grower with a brood barn of 200 full-grown sows contacted Reliant Water Technologies to see if we could assist him with one of his waste lagoons. The plan was to locate an...
- White Paper: Studies Of A Microbial Mixture With Useful Properties For The Treatment Of Organic Sewage The importance of bacteria in the treatment of raw sewage and water purification is well known. Here, we report on Sewper Rx, a unique mix of bacteria with powerful properties for treating sewage as...
- RELIANT Water Technologies Announces Sewper Rx - Sludge Eliminating Bacteria Reliant Water Technologies’ Sewper Rx is a patented polymicrobial blend of facultative bacteria specifically selected for their ability to degrade organic waste and eliminate noxious odor. By...
- Case Study: The Rehabilitation Of 43-Year-Old Waste Lagoons
- Case Study: A Wastewater Plant Bio-Augmentation Success
- Sewper Rx - Odor Reduction And Sludge Eliminating Bacteria
- A Return On Investment With Bio-Augmentation
- Sewper Rx – Odor Reducing And Sludge Eliminating Bacteria
- White Paper: Wastewater Lagoons - A New Aeration Concept
- New Insights Into Waste Lagoon Water Mixing
This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. Lear
SOURCE LINK: https://www.wateronline.com/doc/bio-augmentation-process-reduces-odors-and-0001
- Badges
- Science topic
- Similar topics
- Chemistry, Organic
- Organic