http://www.climate.be/textbook/pdf/Chapter_3.pdf

There is no perfect model, suitable for all purposes. This is why a wide range of climate models exists, forming what is called the spectrum or the hierarchy of models.

Citation from the source/link.

Dear Dr. Stephen I. Ternyik, thank you for your valuable explanations.

STAY BLESSED!!!

Alem

Unfortunately, models are only as good as the data put into them. Unless the input covers all the right variables, the results are bound to be limited in reproducing results that actually approach reality. part of the problem with the IPCC models is that they are not based on sound physical principles. Additionally, they do not follow the path of incoming solar energy and take into account all the factors influencing the path of this energy as it moves around the outer layers of the Earth. It must account for all the meteorological phenomena as well as the movement of energy in the 70% of the Earth covered by water. The latter is the major factor affecting the energy transport around the globe. This is discussed in more detail in a forth coming paper being published by IntechOpen based in Croatia.

Stuart.

Dear Dr. Stuart Arthur Harris ,

thank you so much for your insightful and valuable points.

"Models are only as good as the data put into them."

(Stuart Arthur Harris )

My Question: How do we cite such important explanations given by RG scholars?

https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_can_one_cite_from_RG_In_case_a_valuable_and_best_answer_is_given_by_RG_scholars_but_no_publication_reference_is_referred_what_should_we_do

Thank you all!!!

Alem

Dear Drlatief Ahmad

The models are as good as the developer and modeler. There are issues in the development of the models and the way the modelers use them.

Many models are not scientific in nature; they just try to get the average of the parameters through inter(extra)polation and parameterizations. Most of the models do not receive the input in a correct way.

Let me give you a beautiful example. On your kitchen stove top, there are two burners- one with more capacity and the other with less capacity. You know that you can not cook if you put your pot in between or away the two burners, but the climate models can cook with average capacity. This is a great drawback in the models. Unfortunately, the so called scientists did not recognize this simple fact and they bog down on data assimilation and high-resolution modeling.

I hope this gives you a little bit of insight on how the climate/weather modeling is done.

Dear Dr. Kishore Ragi, really thank you for your nice & valuable explanations.

My question to you: is there a difference b/n the model developer and the modeler?

Most people use terms in modeling and simulation interchangeably but I think this is not correct.

For example: Say, Mr. X, while he is using a model called DSSAT-CERES-model, he makes his paper title as: " Modelling of DSSAT-CERES-model", but actually it has to be Simulation of DSSAT-model or "Model simulation of ...." Isn't it?

Therefore, what are the d/ces among the ff:

• MODEL
• MODELLING
• MODELER
• DEVELOPER
• SIMULATOR

STAY BLESSED!!!

Alem

Dear Alem Redda

Model developer is who created the model, and the modeler is who uses the developed model for his/her own purpose.

There may be a slight difference between simulation and modeling. Simulation is the one you indent to prove how phenomenon happened with a set of physical principles (you need to use every principle available to simulate the happened things well), but the modeling may be seeing how the virtual model behaves with a set of physical principles (you may tweak the principles here to see the changes in the behavior,). You may otherwise say that the modeling is sensitivity estimations/predictions/projections and the simulation is trial to make your model as real as possible.

I hope now you get the definition of the words you mentioned in the previous post.

Dear Dr. Kishore Ragi, my hats off to you. You are a keen enthusiast of modeling. Thank you for being so, and keeping it so simple. I am doing my Ph.D. in crop modeling. Until your today's definition that developers are the ones that developed models; what I know instead was modelers, and of course model users are the ones that use models (made by others). You made my foggy mirror to be so clean.

Wishing you all the best this life can deliver!!!

Alem

Good luck with your studies, Alem Redda and thank you for your kind words for me.

Climate models give us an idea about the long term trends in some climatic parameters. There are biases attached to the outputs of the climate models. This is why it is advised to perform bias correction on the outputs of the climate models before using them for impact assessment. These biases come from the inability of the climate models to represent perfectly the natural phenomena governing the climatic processes.

Drlatief Ahmad the definition you give about a climate model:

Climate models are the energy balance model that accounts for feedbacks, natural variability, and an ocean to help simulate the main components that determine changes in global mean temperature.

is not very accurate, as said by others, there are several types of climate models. An energy balance model is the most simple, but the most used at global scale model the atmosphere coupled with the ocean and the sea ice and land (albedo, orography etc...). The most recent and complete climate models are named Earth System Models where many other aspects are implemented in the model: biosphere, aerosols, atmospheric chemistry, etc. Therefore in these kind of climate models are not only focused on changes in global temperature, they also estimate cloudiness, precipitation (rainfall, snow) between many other things.

How reliable are they? Depends on the context. For key important questions the climate models at IPCC reports agrees, and anyway based on the differences an uncertainty is added to the assessments. So the assessments are robust. But it is true that always is possible to improve them and, as I said before, it would be great to model more and more processes that can be relevant for the climate. The best model? many of them are good, anyway the selection may depend on which aspect of the climate system you want to focus.

If is not easy to judge the reliability of climate models – they are giving only a range of possible changes in respect to the future behavior of humanity and socio-economic interactions and movements. We cannot predict the future but we can give a reasonable range of scenarios for the years to come.

GCMs frome CMIP6 are currently the best climate models. It is not possible to say which of these models is superior to another. Must be evaluated for each area. The results show that the combination of these models and the use of multiple models provide acceptable results.

concentrate on QSPR models