Dear Benedek, maybe this paper is helpful for the topic:
Roberts HM, Law RJ, Thom JM. The time course and mechanisms of change in biomarkers of joint metabolism in response to acute exercise and chronic training in physiologic and pathological conditions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019;119(11-12):2401-2420. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6858392/pdf/421_2019_Article_4232.pdf
Cartliage deforms quite quickly within minutes under load. So I expect that synovial fluid starts increasing immediately, how long it goes on for I don't know. It's a good question as there seems little good evidence on how joint metablism changes with time and how long there maybe an increase in synovial fluid. I suppose it must depend on forces and repetition of loading and the intrinsic quality and age of the cartlaige. Some help here, but doesn answer the question. Article The effects of exercise on human articular cartilage
10 min for a significant effect on athletes performance and after 20 min it will be at their peak.
This answer has given according to exercises performance enhancement due to warm up our body and increase circulation surround the joints, muscles, and other tissues ready to use for the performances.