it appears there has been debates about ability of the systemic immunization inducing an immune response in the mucosal immune system. In the review article by Su et al 2016 (doi: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1114195) it appears the DNA based vaccines might be different and induce immune response in mucosal system even if administered systemically. However, there appears to be no difference on how the vaccine works compared to other non dna vaccines once it reaches the immune cells in the systemic region. so i was wondering if maybe you could help me understand how we will be inducing immune response in the mucosal system through administering mrna vaccine systemically.
Dear Murphy!
Please you look at the follwing article:
Article Self-assembled mRNA vaccines
also reported that mRNA-LNP could be used to produce the soluble
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the liver that neutralizes
SARS-CoV-2 virus by binding to the spike proteins [109]
4.3. Intranasal administration
Another approach for vaccination is mucosal vaccine delivery,
targeting non-gastrointestinal mucosal lymphoid tissues and lymph
nodes. mRNA vaccines administered to the mucosal layers, such as the
nasal and pulmonary mucosa, travel to the draining mucosal LNs via
lymphatic systems under the epithelium[86,110,111]. Particularly, prophylacticmRNA therapeutics to prevent respiratory diseases, such as influenza
[112] and RSV [83], are preferred to be delivered via intranasal
(IN) administration [113] because mucosal vaccination can offer
pathogen-specific antibodies to be secreted to the mucuswhere the antibodies
can neutralize the pathogens at the early stage of infection
[114]. Additionally, mucosal delivery of mRNA vaccines can cause the
secretion of immunoglobulin A (IgA). IgA typically exists in its dimeric
form in themucus and acts in the front line of defense against infection
by blocking and neutralizing bacterial toxins and viruses [115].
Thanks Alexandr
from the article i got that mucosal administrations might have been the best choice, the method has its own challenges so we are stuck with intramuscular administrations for now.
I wanted to understand how we will archive immunisation and prevent the infection while in its early stages in the mucosal surfaces through intramuscular administration.
In this article below we might have challenges of the infection persisting even after immunisation.
Article Robust SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Nasal Turbinates after Treatm...
In summary, we describe robust SARS-CoV-2 infection in nasal turbinates in the presence of potent systemic neutralizing antibodies in both prophylaxis and therapeutic studies in golden Syrian hamsters. Despite the presence of systemic serum HuNAb IgG, high viral loads and infected cells, as well as infectious viruses, may persist for at least 4 days in nasal turbinate tissues. Nevertheless, systemic ZDY20 is able to suppress SARS-CoV-2 replication and acute injury in the lungs of experimental hamsters. These findings have important implications for viral transmission, patient management, vaccine development, and control of reinfection.
