I encountered a two-subunit protein sequence, optimized for translation that possessed a c-terminal cysteine residue. I wanted to know how does this residue improves protein expression efficiency?
A C-terminal Cys is a rather strange residue to add in protein engineering for expression and stability. Can you provide more context? A literature reference? An unpaired Cys would be a hassle in protein purification and storage, as it might form an intermolecular disulfide bond upon oxidation.
Optimization for translation efficiency is mostly done at or near the N-terminus, to disrupt RNA secondary structures that can interfere with translation initiation.
A single unpaired Cys residue at or close to either terminus may be introduced as an attachment point for subsequent site-specific chemical modification, e.g. fluorescent dyes.
One form of C-terminal modification is prenylation. During prenylation, a farnesyl- or geranylgeranyl-isoprenoid membrane anchor is added to a cysteine residue near the C-terminus (from Wikipedia).
The modification can be used for the immobilization of the target protein.