I'm not an expert, but if it is a question on format, maybe oils and mascaras, if it for cosmetics. Maybe oral pills or maybe syrups. Tests I supose the active ingredient on those plants, and maybe purify them.

Dear Yash Garg,

Pl see the link

Article Control of Coliform Bacteria Detected from Diarrhea Associat...

Hope that you will get some information.

Best wishes

It is very useful and valuable tree.

This is very appreciable, however, I prefer for the time being you keep utilizatio of Moringa leaves as herbal, this is totally local use or indidgenous spp, and local use.

Extract liquid from the leaves

Hi Malang Wally ,

Is there an easy, cost effective way to do that?

I used Soxhlet extractor, a few years ago to extract oil from seeds using n-hexane as a solvent.

Any other techniques that could potentially be used?

Thanks

Grinding machine to grind the leaves and hygienically squeeze out the liquid with your hands

Its leaves, roots, seeds, fruits and barks can be useful

Uses & extraction of Moringa oleifera leaves, roots, bark, flowers pods and fruits for medicinal purposes

Uses of Moringa oleifera

Various parts of this plant such as the leaves, roots, seed, bark, fruit, flowers and immature pods act as cardiac and circulatory stimulants, possess antitumor, antipyretic, antiepileptic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antispasmodic, diuretic, antihypertensive, cholesterol lowering, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial and antifungal activities, and are being employed for the treatment of different ailments in the indigenous system of medicine. Moringa has been used for centuries due to its medicinal properties and health benefits. It also has antifungal, antiviral, antidepressant, and anti-inflammatory properties. M. oleiferais a plant that is often called the drumstick tree, the miracle tree, the ben oil tree, or the horseradish tree. Moringa has medicinal properties and contains many healthful compounds. Moringa contains many healthful compounds such as: vitamin A, vitamin B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B-6, folate and ascorbic acid (vitamin C), calcium, potassium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc. It is also extremely low in fats and contains no harmful cholesterol. Moringa Oleifera roots are known for their antibiotic properties and based on that, they are used to treat variety of conditions and illnesses like Asthma, Circulatory / Endocrine Disorders, Digestive Disorders, Gastritis, Inflammation, Rheumatism, Nervous Disorders, Reproductive Health, Skin Disorders.

How extract the oil from seeds using any particular solvent?

Materials:

Moringa seeds were collected in their harvested state from plantations. Three extracting solvents can be used viz., Isopropyl Alcohol (purity 99.7%, BDH analyzed), petroleum ether (purity 40-60°C, J.T. Baker analyzed) and hexane (purity 99.7%, Sigma-Aldrich analyzed). All chemicals can be used without further purification.

Apparatus/equipment:Soxhlet extractor (J. SIL Borosilicate), mass balance (Pioneer, Ohaus), oven (Vision Scientific), programmable refractometer (ABBE, 203 X), Agilent 6890 N (gas chromatograph, flame ionization detector), mortar and pestle (500 mL size) and a blender.

Methods:The seeds were first dehulled, cleaned, sun dried and oven dried to a constant weight. They were then crushed using a mortar and pestle and finely pulverized using a blender. The extraction procedure described by Barminas et al. (2001) and Aluyor et al. (2009) was employed to obtain the quantity of oil used for the investigation. The extraction was done at varied times of between 2 and 12 h using 240 mL of hexane, isopropyl alcohol and petroleum ether solvents, respectively. The amount of oil obtained was then weighed and stored. The physicochemical properties of the oil obtained from each solvent extraction can be determined by methods described below. Saponification Value (SV) of the extracted Moringa oil sample was determined by dissolving 1 g of the oil in 50 mL of 0.5 M ethanolic KOH in a 250 mL flat bottom flask and the mixture refluxed for 1 h. One milliliter of phenolphthalein indicator was added to the cooled contents of the flask and then titrated with 0.5 N hydrochloric acid (HCL). A blank determination was also carried out under the same condition and saponification value. The percentage yield of oil from Moringa oleifera was found to be dependent on the solvent used, the residence time and the source of the Moringa oleifera seeds. For more information refer article “Alternative Solvents for Moringa oleifera Seeds Extraction” published by Efeovbokhan V.E. (2015).

The benefits of Moringa oleifera

Moringa is believed to have many benefits and its uses range from health and beauty to helping prevent and cure diseases. The benefits of moringa include:

1. Protecting and nourishing skin and hair: Moringa seed oil is beneficial for protecting hair against free radicals and keeps it clean and healthy. Moringa also contains protein, which means it is helpful in protecting skin cells from damage. It also contains hydrating and detoxifying elements, which also boost the skin and hair. It can be successful in curing skin infections and sores.

2. Treating edema: Edema is a painful condition where fluid builds up in specific tissues in the body. The anti-inflammatory properties of moringa may be effective in preventing edema from developing.

3. Protecting the liver: Moringa appears to protect the liver against damage caused by anti-tubercular drugs and can quicken its repair process.

4. Preventing and treating cancer: Moringa extracts contain properties that might help prevent cancerdeveloping. It also contains niazimicin, which is a compound that suppresses the development of cancer cells.

5. Treating stomach complaints: Moringa extracts might help treat some stomach disorders, such as constipation, gastritis, and ulcerative colitis. The antibiotic and antibacterial properties of moringa may help inhibit the growth of various pathogens, and its high vitamin B content helps with digestion.

6. Fighting against bacterial diseases: Due to its antibacterial, antifungal, and antimicrobial properties, moringa extracts might combat infections caused by Salmonella, Rhizopus, and E. coli.

7. Making bones healthier: Moringa also contains calcium and phosphorous, which help keep bones healthy and strong. Along with its anti-inflammatory properties moringa extract might help to treat conditions such as arthritis and may also heal damaged bones.

8. Treating mood disorders: Moringa is thought to be helpful in treating depression, anxiety, and fatigue.

9. Protecting the cardiovascular system: The powerful antioxidants found in Moringa extract might help prevent cardiac damage and has also been shown to maintain a healthy heart.

10. Helping wounds to heal: Extract of moringa has been shown to help wounds close as well as reduce the appearance of scars.

11. Treating diabetes: Moringa helps to reduce the amount of glucose in the blood, as well as sugar and protein in the urine. This improved the hemoglobin levels and overall protein content in those tested.

12. Treating asthma: Moringa may help reduce the severity of some asthma attacks and protect against bronchial constrictions. It has also been shown to assist with better lung function and breathing overall.

13. Protects against kidney disorders: People may be less likely to develop stones in the kidneys, bladder or uterus if they ingest moringa extract. Moringa contains high levels of antioxidants that might aid toxicity levels in the kidneys.

14. Reducing high blood pressure: Moringa contains isothiocyanate and niaziminin, compounds that help to stop arteries from thickening, which can cause blood pressure to rise.

15. Improving eye health: Moringa contains eyesight-improving properties thanks to its high antioxidant levels. Moringa may stop the dilation of retinal vessels, prevent the thickening of capillary membranes, and inhibit retinal dysfunction.

16. Treating anemia and sickle cell disease: Moringa might help a person’s body absorb more iron, therefore increasing their red blood cell count. It is thought the plant extract is very helpful in treating and preventing anemia and sickle cell disease.

Uses and effectiveness

Taken by Mouth:

· Asthma: Early research shows that taking 3 grams of moringa twice daily for 3 weeks reduces the severity of asthma symptoms and improves lung function in adults with mild to moderate asthma.

· Diabetes: Early research shows that taking moringa tablets along with a type medicine called sulfonylureas does not improve blood sugar control better than taking sulfonylureas alone in people with diabetes.

· Increasing breast milk production: Research regarding the effects of moringa for increasing breast milk production is conflicting. Some early research shows that moringa increases milk production, while other early research shows no benefit. An analysis of data from five clinical studies shows that moringa moderately increases milk product after one week of use when started on postpartum day 3. But it's not clear if moringa is beneficial when used for longer periods of time.

· Malnutrition: Early research shows that adding moringa powder to food for 2 months helps improve weight in malnourished children.

· Menopausal symptoms: Early research shows that adding fresh moringa leaves to food for 3 months improves menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes and sleeping problems in healthy, postmenopausal women.

It is also used as: to treat "tired blood" (anemia), arthritis, as a nutritional supplement, birth control, cancer, constipation, diarrhea, epilepsy, headache, heart problems, high blood pressure, increasing sex drive, infections, kidney stones, stomach and intestinal ulcers, stomach pain (gastritis), swelling, (inflammation)stimulating immunity, thyroid disordersand other conditions

Applied to the Skin:

· Athlete's foot

· Dandruff

· Gum disease (gingivitis)

· Warts

· Skin infections

· Snakebites

· Other conditions

Insufficient Evidence to Rate Effectiveness for Moringa Oleifera. More evidence is also needed to rate moringa for these uses. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (NMCD) rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate.

Side effects

Although Moringa may have very few reported side effects, a healthcare professional should be consulted before it is taken. Anyone considering using moringa is advised to discuss it with a doctor first. Moringa may possess anti-fertility qualities and is therefore not recommended for pregnant women. There have been very few side effects reported. People should always read the label on the extract and follow dosage instructions. Moringa is likely safe when the leaves, fruit, and seeds are eaten as food. Moringa leaf and seeds are possibly safe when taken by mouth as medicine, short term. Products containing moringa leaf have been used with apparent safety for up to 90 days. Products containing moringa seed have been used with apparent safety for up to 3 weeks. Moringa root and root extracts are possibly unsafe when taken by mouth. The roots contain spirochin, a toxic substance.

Risks

Some of the medications to be particularly aware of are:

· Levothyroxine: Used to combat thyroid problems. Compounds in the moringa leaf may aid the thyroid function, but people should not take it in combination with other thyroid medication.

· Any medications that might be broken down by the liver: Moringa extract may decrease how quickly this happens, which could lead to various side effects or complications.

· Diabetes medications: Diabetes medications are used to lower blood sugar, which moringa also does effectively. It is vital to ensure blood sugar levels do not get too low.

· High blood pressure medication: Moringa has shown to be effective at lowering blood pressure. Taking moringa alongside other drugs that lower blood pressure may result in it becoming too low.

Dosing

The appropriate dose of moringa depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for moringa. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using.

Additional materials to read for more understanding

Parts and properties of Moringa oleifera used for nutritional and pharmaceutical applications of Moringa oleifera as reviewed by Diana M. et al., 2020

a. Leaves and pods

In some countries, leaves and fruits are commonly used in culinary as vegetables. Leaves can also be dried and used in infusions or grounded into powder, allowing easier conservation and consumption (Moyo, 2011; Olson et al., 2016). In all ways of use and conservation, M. oleiferadoes not lose nutritional value (Mahmood, 2010). Leaves and pods are low in calories and rich in minerals, vitamins and natural antioxidants (Anwar, 2005; Rebufa et al., 2018). Phytochemicals like flavonoids are also present in leaves as well as a significant percentage of essential amino acids. M. oleifera leaves contain a high quantity of polyunsaturated fatty acids and low saturated fatty acids content (Moyo, 2011), which combined with diuretic, lipid and blood pressure lowering properties from leaves and pods, contribute to the maintenance of cardiovascular health (Anwar et al., 2007). In dried M. oleifera leaves, it was also found a high content in calcium and iron, which is normally residual in other plants used in our diet. In the leaves is found greater a variety and quantity of proteins, when comparing to other tree parts (Rebufa et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2016). Due to its nutritional rich values, M. oleifera can be a good enriching food additive to human diet and also an animal feed fortifier (Moyo, 2011). Adding fresh or dried leaves to the feed of milk cows increased milk production (43 and 65% respectively), that fact would be of great importance in developing countries to fight deficiencies in nutrition (Bhargave, 2015). Studies of acceptance by the consumer of enriched foods/snacks with M. oleifera have been obtaining good results (Ellis, 2011; Jung, 2016). M. oleifera can also help lactating mothers produce more milk and help to treat malnutrition in young children. Phytosterols from M. oleiferaincrease estrogen production that enhance the activity of the mammary glands ducts (Gopalakrishnan, 2016). Doses of 0.042 mg/g of body weight given to mice result in increased milk production. Also, the pup weight augment with increasing doses of M. oleifera leaf powder intake (Titi et al., 2013; Titi and Nurjanah, 2014). Studies of toxicity in animals show that M. oleiferadried leaf extract might be safe for consumption, although in high doses and prolonged intakes, M. oleifera may cause toxicity by accumulation of some elements (Ali et al., 2019). The amount of 70 g of M. oleifera dried leaf per day is the maximum recommended dosage (Asiedu-Gyekye et al., 2014). Table 3 compiles some food supplements based on M. oleifera tree parts or extracts. A hydroalcoholic extract of green pods increased liver enzymes involved in the detoxification of xenobiotic substances in mice suggesting a chemo preventive potential of a drumstick extract against chemical carcinogenesis (Bharali et al., 2003). M. oleifera pods are also valuable to treat digestive and obesity problems and thwart colon cancer (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2016). β-carotene, the major component reported from the drumsticks of the M. oleifera plant as well as the presence of vitamin A and C suggest an action in the induction of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory profiles (Geervani and Devi, 1981; Bharali et al., 2003; Praengam et al., 2014). It was suggested that β-carotene and sterols present in the plant pods acts as potent inhibitors on the formation of reactive oxygen intermediates, a pre-requisite for tumorigenesis and so inducing apoptosis in the mouse colon carcinoma model (Gupta et al., 2010; Kraiphet et al., 2018). Studies in rats showed that M. oleifera leaves extract might act as potential neuroprotection via decreased oxidative stress and the enhanced cholinergic function (Kirisattayakul et al., 2013) and function as a cognitive enhancer, hence being used in dementia cases (Sutalangka et al., 2013). It was also found an anti-depressant activity in mouse models of depression when giving orally a 200 mg/kg/day of a M. oleifera alcoholic extract plus 10 mg/kg/day fluoxetine, for 14 days (Kaur et al., 2015). This effect can be increased when combined with fluoxetine (as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor—SSRI) according to Sutalangka et al. (2013) and Kaur et al. (2015).The influence of M. oleifera may be due to the action of antioxidants and flavonoids through radical scavenging, since its action is verified in other studies on animal models with cerebrovascular diseases exerting a multiplicity of neuroprotective actions within the brain and suppressing neuro-inflammation and thus suggesting a great potential to promote memory, learning and cognitive function (Vauzour et al., 2008). Other studies with consumption of M. oleifera leaf powder revealed properties in human an animal models such as decreased blood glucose levels on diabetic type two subjects (William, 1993), reduction on post prandial blood glucose (Ghiridhari, 2011), increased insulin secretion in healthy subjects (Anthanont et al., 2016), decreased total plasma cholesterol and increased HDL (Nambiar, 2010). The presence of β-sitosterol in M. oleifera leaves may be one of the reasons for decreasing plasma cholesterol since phytosterols cause less intestinal absorption of dietary cholesterol and increase its excretion on feces (Jain, 2010; Mbikay, 2012). Several M. oleifera studies with leaf powder or extracts on animals revealed other properties beyond the previously referred: antioxidant, chemo protectant and antihypertensive (Stohs and Hartman, 2015). The antioxidant activity derives from the high amounts of polyphenols (Leone et al., 2015a, b; Verma et al., 2009). Leaves extracts have revealed anti-cancer properties with anti-neoproliferative activity by inducing Reactive Oxygen Species ROS production only in cancer cells which leads to cell apoptosis (Gopalakrishnan, 2016). The active compounds present in extracts from leaves and bark revealed anti-cancer activity against breast and colorectal cancer cell lines through diverse mechanisms as decreased cell mobility, decreased colony formation, low cell survival, high apoptosis and G2/M enrichment (AlAsmari et al., 2015). Some extract fractions with anticancer activity have already been isolated, characterized and tested in vitro and in vivo (rat model) (Krishnamurthy et al., 2015). In traditional medicine, a paste made of leaves is applied externally in wounds (Siddhuraju and Becker, 2003). Some scientific studies have shown that leave extracts have beneficial properties in skin. Aqueous leaves extract increased human dermal fibroblasts proliferation leading to faster wound healing (Muhammad et al., 2013). A M. oleifera leave extract fraction with ethyl acetate, in low concentration (12.5-50 µg/ml), showed in vitro effect in skin healing by increasing proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts (Gothai et al., 2016). A hydro alcoholic extract of M. oleiferaleaves used in a cream showed antiaging characteristics due to phenolic compounds. Sunscreen and photo protective characteristics were studied very recently (Baldisserotto et al., 2018). When applying a cream with this extract it was also verified a reduction in sebum production (Ali et al. 2013a, b, c) (1), and in trans epidermal water loss allowing to increase hydration (Ali et al., 2013a, b, c) (2). Wrinkles and other signs of lack of skin vitality where improved during 3 months of using the same topic formulation with M. oleiferaleaf extract (Ali et al., 2014). The compounds responsible for this improvement in skin surface appear to be phenolics (e.g., kaempferol and quercetin) and antioxidants such as vitamins A, C and B (Jadoon et al., 2015). M. oleifera leaf extract cream was also tested for potential skin irritation by a 48 h semi-occluded patch test and proved to be non-irritant and well accepted by the volunteers, also reducing skin erythema (Ali et al., 2013a, b, c) (3). M. oleifera leaf powder can be used to clean hands when four grams of wet (more efficient) or dried powder are applied on hands and rubbed (Torondel et al., 2014). The efficacy results were the same as for non-medicated soap, revealing potential to help in hand hygiene and prevent pathogen transmission in developing countries, where hygiene products are scarce. A leave extract sprayed in plant crops revealed another Studies with statistically significant value are represented by utility for this plant, having beneficial effects on the growing rate, size and resistance on those plants and fruits (Bhargave, 2015). M. oleifera leaf tea studies demonstrated alterations in blood circulating neutrophils and conclude that Moringa tea has adaptogenic capabilities in cases of stress (Drue et al., 2018). Previous studies using dried Moringa leaves tea in mouse model with acute lung inflammation, showed that mice that had decreased lung inflammation marked by alterations in cytokine production, leukocyte migration, and neutrophil apoptosis (McKnight et al., 2014). An ethanolic extract of Moringa leaves has anti-anxiety effect in swiss albino mice, the ethanolic extract of M. oleifera leaves may have produced its anxiolytic effects via multiple mechanisms (Bhat, 2014).

b. Seeds

Seeds, collected from pods, can be eaten raw or cooked. From M. oleiferaseeds, a rich vegetable oil can be produced. M. oleifera seed oil or Behen/Ben oil is produced through the cold pressing of the M. oleifera seeds. M. oleifera oil can be used to cook, as a source to prepare biodiesel, as a lubricant and in the cosmetic industry (Rashid et al., 2008). The oil name comes from its high content on behenic acid, which confers more resistance to oxidative degradation comparing to other vegetable oils. Ben oil is rich in oleic acid (up to 76%), palmitic (6.54%), but also stearic (6%), behenic (7%), and arachidic (4%) (Anwar, 2005). It is used in various cosmetic formulations as emollient and confers nourishing, moisturizing, antioxidant and protective properties. It is also a good skin cleansing product (Nadeem and Imran, 2016). Table 4 details some cosmetic brands that use M. oleifera leaves, oil or active extracts as ingredients in the composition of their products. This oil is also used in the effleurage process, allowing the extraction of fragrances and active compounds from difficult sources as flower petals. Milled M. oleifera seed shells can be used as a natural exfoliating agent. Moringa oleifera seeds can also help diabetic patients. Some studies by Al-Malki and El Rabey (2015) showed its anti-diabetic activity by reducing the blood glucose level when rats where treated with 50 or 100 mg of M. oleifera seeds powder/kg body weight, during 4 weeks. At the same time, ingestion lead to an increase in antioxidant enzymes and consequently the compound content such as glucomoringin, phenols, and flavonoids. Moreover, the same authors, treating these diabetic rats significantly increased and ameliorated all kidney functions parameters. In fact, M. oleiferaseeds ameliorated liver fibrosis in rats reducing liver damage and symptoms of liver fibrosis, decrease the CCl4-induced elevation of serum aminotransferase activities and globulin level as well as reduce the elevated hepatic hydroxyproline content and myeloperoxidase activity (Hamza, 2010) improving the indices of hepatoxicity in rats, such as malonialdehyde level and total antioxidant capacity, glutathione content, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities (Hamza, 2007). Treatment with M. oleifera seeds also altered oxidative stress in relation to its anti-inflammatory activity. Histopathological observations showed mild or less infiltration of lymphocytes, angiogenesis and synovial lining thickening. From all above results and observations, it can be concluded that the seeds possess promising antiarthritic property (Mahajan et al., 2007). These seeds have others appeals to the daily life and industry. Seed powder showed capacity to purify water and remove heavy metals and organic compounds (Sharma et al., 2006) through low molecular weight cationic proteins mediated precipitation (Kansal and Kumari, 2014). There was a reduction of 80–99.5% in the turbidity of the water and 90–99.99% of bacterial reduction (Bhargave, 2015; Lea, 2014). The remaining paste after the oil extraction still has the same flocculation properties, serving both purposes and adding value (Lea, 2010). Compounds such as pterygospermin, moringine and benzyl isothiocyanate isolated from M. oleifera seeds showed antimicrobial effect (Viera et al., 2010). Accordingly, there is applicability for M. oleiferaseeds in the prevention of microbial diseases. M. oleifera oil has also been tested for its potential to produce biodiesel, contributing as an alternative to the conventional diesel fuel (Rashid et al., 2008).

c. Flowers and roots

M. oleifera flowers are used directly as part of the diet, but also to make infusions which have hypocholesterolemia properties (Gopalakrishnan, 2016). The flowers can also be a source of nectar and are used to produce honey (Gopalakrishnan, 2016). A methanol extract of M. oleifera flowers revealed anti-cancer properties by inhibiting growth of PC3 cells (androgen-independent model of prostate cancer) in a dose-dependent manner, while not affecting the viability of normal cells (Inbathamizh, 2013). According general evaluation by Fahey (2005, 2017) and (Divya et al., 2019), also supporting on several researches (e.g., Delaveau Boiteau, 1980; Hameed et al., 1998; Faizi et al., 1998; Fuglie, 1999) it is possible to attribute several relevant effects based on the M. oleifera flower treatments which consist in: general disorders as tonic and anti- catarrh; antimicrobial—bacterial and viral Infection; against helminths parasites, external sores, ulcers and fever; nervous disorders as hysteria; anti-tumor in cancer therapy; diuretic in endocrine and circulatory disorders; anti-rheumatism in inflammation processes. So, it could be added to industrial products in order to provide healthier products to the consumers (Guiger et al., 2016; Gopalakrishnan et al., 2016). M. oleifera roots and flowers extracts revealed hepatoprotective effect on rat paracetamol—induced hepatotoxicity (Ruckmani, 1998). Roots also showed antiinfamatory effect on animal model of induced hind paw edema and antimicrobial activity (Cáceres 1992; Ruckmani, 1998). An aqueous extract of M. oleifera roots when given orally to rats, in a dose-dependent manner, influenced the hormone balance necessary to gestation, leading to an anti-implantation effect (Shukla et al., 1988). A study with an ethanolic root bark extract showed antiulcer, antisecretory (reducing gastric acid secretion), and cytoprotective action in rats with gastric ulceration. The extract dosage of 500 mg/kg showed the highest protection in the both ulcer models studied (ethanol-induced and pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulceration) (Choudhary et al., 2013). The alkaloids (moringine, moringinine), saponins, triterpenoids and tannins present in M. oleifera appear to be the plant compounds with antiulcer activity and conferring protective capacity through diverse mechanisms (Choudhary et al., 2013). Anti-inflammatory action was also verified by a methanol extract of M. oleiferaroots in rat paw edema models (Ezeamuzie et al., 1996). Moringa root wood reduced the elevated urinary oxalate and lowered the deposition of stone forming constituents in the kidneys of calculogenic rats as a result of ethylene glycol treatment (Karadi et al., 2006).

d. Bark

The bark also has antimicrobial properties. Root bark extracts by ethanol, methanol and distilled water showed antifungal activity against Neurospora crassa and Aspergilus niger, in which the higher the concentration, the higher mycelial inhibition, with a duration up to 96 h (Jha, 2009). Antibacterial activity was also verified in a study with methanol, chloroform, ethyl actetate and water bark extracts. Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter freundii, Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas fluorescents growth was inhibited by all extracts in different concentrations and in different degrees (Zafer et al., 2014). The presence of flocculating proteins of bark and roots might be part of the antimicrobial mechanism (Wang et al., 2016). A clinical study with 30 patients proved that 40 mL of stem bark decoction, twice a day, was effective in treating symptoms of urinary tract infection. (Maurya and Singh, 2014). However, studies with larger samples are needed to access the viability of M. oleifera use in this and other pathologies. Hepatoprotective effect (Kurma, 1998), anticholesteremic and antilipidemic activity (Senecha, 2012) was also verified in rat model with different extracts of M. oleifera bark.

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References

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Please see this file

The part of the plant that is often used as medicine is the leaf. Moringa leaves can be used as an anti-diabetic.