Ion Chromatography gives results for many common anions, including nitrate, nitrite and phosphate.
Furthermore IC can be used for the separations of the various phosphorus species (e.g. Ruiz-Calero and Galceran, 2005, Ion chromatographic separations of phosphorus species: a review. Talanta 66 (2005) 376–410)
other method, which can be implemented in field studies is An ion-selective electrode (ISE), also known as a specific ion electrode (SIE). In this technique, a transducer (or sensor) converts the activity of a specific ion dissolved in a solution into an electrical potential. see more http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_selective_electrode
There are plenty commercial devices that use it (just run google search) for as low as $250. Keep in mind the life time of the membrane is not unlimited...