No, three way shape memory effect is not possible logically because at some stage (third step) material shall have to make an arbitrary choice among the two possibilities remaining, reducing the shape possibilties to two, ending up with a two way shape memory alloy.
But if you do have regular 2-way SME and have the R-Phase as he sais, which should have a defined shape in between the austenite and martensite shapes. So I guess under the right circumstances (exact temperatures, material training, etc.) you could have 3 predestined shapes, but I can not see how this could possibly be used, because there would only be a usable force transforming to austenite. Also I'm not really sure if a pure R-phase can be produced reliably at all. And since it would always be an in between shape you could get there easier by controlled partial activation.
Apologies for my previous comment which assumes third stage not as a transient, intermediate state but a phase domain with its definiteand distinct properties For your definition of third stage, see the following for an example of triple-shape memory effect.
Materials Today, 2010, vol.13 Number 7-8, pp.54-61