Though I never had an opportunity to work on Malaria, I have inoculated the yeast cells of Cryptococcus neoformans in Swiss Albino mice through intro-cerebral route to produce meningo-encephalitis.
In natural situations,sporozoites are deposited into the skin by the bite of Anopheles mosquitoes, and it is likely that the immunological response to such natural intradermal (ID) inoculation will be different to that achieved through the IV route. Although infected mosquito bites are sometimes used during experimental induction of immunity in mice, this method is problematic because of the low numbers of sporozoites introduced to the skin and the large variation in sporozoite inoculation between individual mosquitoes. Therefore, your method depends on the study objectives. However, ID inoculation allows the accurate introduction of quantified sporozoites into the skin and that these parasites successfully invade the liver using the exact route without shortcut. This is to your advantage because you are able to observe all the clinical progressions!
(1)Inspite of huge global morbidity and mortality inflicted by malaria ,an effective and preventive vaccine against this disease has not yet ,been achieved .Early studies on immunization against sporozoite induced rodent malaria resulted in close to 100% protection which mice were immunized with plasmodium berghei sporozoites irradiated to sufficient levels and immunized mice were subsequently challenged with non-irradiated sporozoites.
(2)Nevertheless immunization with attenuated p.bergheri sporozoites via routes other than intravenous (lV) was found to be far less protective .thus ,even after five immunizations,mice,even after five intramuscular (lM),intraperitoneal (lP)or intradermal (lD)routes were protected only 32%,26%and 24%,respective ,in contrast to 95% protection after Iv immunization.
(3)ln another p.bergheri study some with similar protocols ,lM immunization resulted in only 11% protection ,although addition of albumin to the immunization yielded 100% protection .
(4)Because sporozoite,suspensions used for immunization were heavily contaminated with micro-organisms and mosquito components,it was clear that such immunization trials by lV injection could not be directly extended to humans .
(5)An alternatives approach,however ,allowed irradiate mosquitoes to directly innoculate attenuated sporozoites into hosts the mosquitoes to directly innoculate attenuated sporozoites into hosts the merozoites thereby acting as vehicles of immunization this first established with rodent malaria.
(5) then extended to first successful human vaccine trial against p.falciparum malaria.
A Compendium of subsequent human vaccination trials with this approach showed that when sufficient number of mosquitoes were used for immunization ,greater than 90% of volunteers were completely protected against challenge by the infected mosquitoes.
(6)Recent progress by this group ,under the auspices of the biopharmacutical company samurai,has permitted the raining of large numbers of mosquitoes infected with plasmodium falciparum falciparum sporozoites ,the purification of these sporozoites sufficient to render them acceptable for human vaccination and the successful freeze preservation of the attenuated sporozoites trials are currently under way.An central question for any human trials relates to an appropriate routes of immunization.it had long seen assumed that most sporozoites injected by mosquitoes rapidly reach the blood after which they travel to the liver for further development .
Thus ,there was a suppostion that sporozoite innovation by mosquito innoculation of sporozoites by syringes .But studies have shown that most but not all mosquito inject sporozoites are deposited into avascular portions of the skin and subcutaneous tissues and that sporozoites then use gliding motility to reach blood vessels to travel to local draining lymph nodes .