Dear Qusay Iraqi,

Graphene:

Is simply one atomic layer of 'Graphite' a layer of sp2 bonded carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal or honeycomb lattice.

Graphene is the two-dimensional (2D) building block for carbon allotropes of every other dimensionality.

Graphene can be,

01. stacked into 3D graphite,

02. rolled into 1D nanotubes, or

03. wrapped into 0D fullerenes.

Graphite:

Is a commonly found mineral and is composed of many layers of graphene.

Techniques for growing graphene are sonication, thermo-engineering, carbon dioxide reduction, cutting open carbon nanotubes, and graphite oxide reduction. This technique of using heat to reduce graphite oxide to graphene has recently attracted significant attention owing to reduced cost of production.

01. If you cannot differentiate whether you have Graphene or Graphite, then Raman spectra would give you better information than XRD.

02. The G and 2D Raman peaks change in shape, position and relative intensity with number of graphene layers. This reflects the evolution of the electronic structure and electron–phonon interactions.

03. Doping upshifts and sharpens the G peak for both both holes and electrons.

04. Disorder can be monitored via the D peak.

Thus Raman spectroscopy can be efficiently used to monitor a number of layers, quality of layers, doping level and confinement in graphene nanostructures. If you have more than 10 layer of graphene, the peak becomes similar to that of Graphite.

I hope I have answered your question.

With Best Wishes,

Samir G. Pandya

Structural properties of graphite derivatives could be quantified by XRD, Raman, electron microscopy, XPS, FTIR, AFM methods...

You can find thousands of papers about the details of issue...

thank you Ali Durmus

Dear Qusay Iraqi,

Graphene:

Is simply one atomic layer of 'Graphite' a layer of sp2 bonded carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal or honeycomb lattice.

Graphene is the two-dimensional (2D) building block for carbon allotropes of every other dimensionality.

Graphene can be,

01. stacked into 3D graphite,

02. rolled into 1D nanotubes, or

03. wrapped into 0D fullerenes.

Graphite:

Is a commonly found mineral and is composed of many layers of graphene.

Techniques for growing graphene are sonication, thermo-engineering, carbon dioxide reduction, cutting open carbon nanotubes, and graphite oxide reduction. This technique of using heat to reduce graphite oxide to graphene has recently attracted significant attention owing to reduced cost of production.

01. If you cannot differentiate whether you have Graphene or Graphite, then Raman spectra would give you better information than XRD.

02. The G and 2D Raman peaks change in shape, position and relative intensity with number of graphene layers. This reflects the evolution of the electronic structure and electron–phonon interactions.

03. Doping upshifts and sharpens the G peak for both both holes and electrons.

04. Disorder can be monitored via the D peak.

Thus Raman spectroscopy can be efficiently used to monitor a number of layers, quality of layers, doping level and confinement in graphene nanostructures. If you have more than 10 layer of graphene, the peak becomes similar to that of Graphite.

I hope I have answered your question.

With Best Wishes,

Samir G. Pandya

thank you very much dear Samir G. Pandya about your answer.

If you are confused about whether you have graphite or graphene, then Raman spectra would give you better information than XRD. Lot of literatures are available on Raman spectroscopy of graphene and graphite.

Thank you Sadanand Pandey

Aside from using RAMAN, which is the concrete way to recognize between them, a visual test can help as well. If you have a powder that is really volatile and has strong static repulsion that makes it hard to handle with your spatula, then you have graphene rather than graphite.

Thank You Omer Abdulrazzaq about you answer

It is difficult to produce directly from graphite to graphene. First you have to oxidize to graphene oxide (brown color), which is water dispersable. then you have to reduce to reduced graphene oxide (black color powder will settle on the bottom of the beaker). It is also a visual test.

The most pure form of graphene stems from exfoliation of graphite. Graphite is a stack of millions of graphene layers and so if you exfoliate graphite, each layer is graphene. Although to see graphene, you need to have some experience. I briefly tell here 2 techniques to know the difference quickly.

1) Optical microscope: You can see graphene on 300nm or 90 nm thick SiO2 through optical microscope. More than 10 layers is considered graphite. If you want to learn from scratch(how graphene layers look different from thick graphite), see this paper(specially Fig.1 and Fig.2) which is very helpful: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7c10/1808a15b74342d50e09b10e5ed402b5f7566.pdf .

2) Raman spectrocopy: graphene and graphite has G and 2D peaks: in graphene, 2D peak is very intense and sharp while 2D peak of graphite is broad and less intense, it gets split also(see the attachment). Reference to the figure is below:

Article Raman Spectroscopy of Graphene and Graphite: Disorder, Elect...