Dear Hossein,

The absorption or emission of a photon by one electron, for instance within a Coulombic potential as it happens for the atoms, is well known. Let me to attach you a link where it is shown

https://quantummechanics.ucsd.edu/ph130a/130_notes/node465.html

Dear Daniel

Thank you for comment and link. I knew it.

Scattering of light by matter has been studied extensively in the past. Yet, the most fundamental process, the scattering of a single photon by a single atom, is largely unexplored. One prominent prediction of quantum optics is the deterministic absorption of a travelling photon by a single atom, provided the photon waveform matches spatially and temporally the time-reversed version of a spontaneously emitted photon.

Here we experimentally address this prediction and investigate the influence of the photon’s temporal profile on the scattering dynamics using a single trapped atom and heralded single photons. We don't often think of photons as being spread out in time and space and thus having a shape, but the ones in this experiment were some four meters long. Christian Kurtsiefer, Principal Investigator at CQT, and his team have learned to shape these photons with extreme precision

According to the quantum mechanics that photon is an unstructured particle. How the concept of unstructured photon is able to describe the different shapes and four meter long of photon? In addition to four meters long and shapes of photons, how two opposites’ charged particles such as electron and positron absorb and emit neutral and unstructured photons?

Review the time-resolved scattering of a single photon by a single atom. Available from:

Article Review the time-resolved scattering of a single photon by a ...

This is an interesting question. I would like to stress a certain part of it. I did it in a separated question

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Where_is_located_the_energy_of_a_photon

Dear Sofia

Thank you for sharing a question and have mentioned my question.

Dear Sydney

I agree with you that we need a general consensus on the structure of the basic quantum fields.

As you know it's not so easy, that's why I think providing various solutions can help to make progress.

For this reason, I started to the description the structure of photon and quantum vacuum.

Photon-Graviton Interaction and CPH Theory

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308890409_Photon-Graviton_Interaction_and_CPH_Theory

Review and analyzing the evidence of the existence of quantum fluctuations

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312586105_Review_and_analyzing_the_evidence_of_the_existence_of_quantum_fluctuations

With Best Regards

Hossein

Dear Sydney

Thank you, I read the question and some of the answers on the link that you have given.

All of these are related to quantum scales.

But what I have done is the description of how quantum particles are produced in sub-quantum scales.

Without understanding the mechanism of quantum particles production and how they do interact, we can not solve the problems of quantum mechanics.

For example, one of the problems of physics is due to this fact that does not explain how the force carriers (bosons), which are massless, can change the momentum of the particles (such as the charged particle in QED)?

How a light source emits (or absorbs) a photon? Where do photons go in absorption?

In the same way, it can not explain the absorption and radiation of the photon by the charged particles.

In my opinion, these are the most fundamental issues of modern physics that must be solved. In CPH theory, bosons, including photons and gravitons have mass.

The current interpretation of what a photon is is full of contradictions. Photons have a frequency AND they carry energy. The relation is contained in the Einstein-Planck relation E=h v. This is a quantum relation. Each period carries a standard bit of energy and the number of periods is limited by the energy E and Planck's constant. The formula indicates that all photons must feature the same spatial length.

Further, photons can travel huge distances without changing their integrity. Still after travelling a huge distance photons show red-shift. Thus, something in the Einstein-Planck relation must change.

Often photons are thought to be electromagnetic waves. However, waves and the EM field cannot do what photons and their carrier do.

Photons show particle behavior and light shows wave behavior. Particles do not show wave behavior, but ensembles of particles may implement wave behavior. In that case the ensemble is described by a package of probability waves. With other words light is a package of photon probability waves.

Experiments that measure the properties of low dose beams of photons show that stochastic processes generate the photons. These stochastic processes are combinations of a Poisson process and a binomial process. The binomial process is implemented by a point spread function. The point spread function is a combined spatial, angular and chromatic distribution.

Imaging technology applies these influences by capturing imaging quality in the Optical Transfer Function and in the Detective Quantum Efficiency of imaging devices.

Photons appear to be vibrations of our living space, rather than vibrations of the electromagnetic field. This does not say that EM waves do not exist. However, only one-dimensional shock fronts can travel huge distances without losing their integrity. Each one-dimensional shock front carries a standard bit of energy. Strings of equidistant one-dimensional shock fronts can implement the functionality of the photon.

Quite probably, in many experiments, photons are confused with EM waves that carry the same frequency.

Dear Hans

Thank you for the interesting comment. Most likely, we need to know the photonic structure and define it.

This definition must be based on the photon's behavior.

What is the length of one photon when emitted by an electron?

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316414457_What_is_the_length_of_one_photon_when_emitted_by_an_electron

@Hans, you made many mistakes.

"Each period carries a standard bit of energy and the number of periods is limited by the energy E and Planck's constant."

What you say there? A photon is a wave-train along many periods. If each period, T = 1/\nu, carried a bit of energy, the whole wave-packet should carry a huge energy. But this is not true, the energy is E = h/T.

"The formula indicates that all photons must feature the same spatial length."

What?????

A down-conversion photon has a coherence time of cca 100fs, i.e. a coherence length of 100 × 10-15 × 3 ×1010 = 30microns. A laser photon can have a coherence length of a few milliseconds, therefore, a coherence length 10-3 × 3 × 1010 = 300Km. Does it seem to you same length?

"Still after travelling a huge distance photons show red-shift."

Where from do you take these inventions? Red or blue shift appears of the source moves with respect to the receiver.

"waves and the EM field cannot do what photons and their carrier do."

Photons are their own carriers, unless you admit the existence of an aether.

"Photons show particle behavior and light shows wave behavior. Particles do not show wave behavior, but ensembles of particles may implement wave behavior."

What you say? An ensemble of pieces of chalk would display wave behavior? On the other side, how can an ensemble of photons display wave-behavior unless each single photon displays this behavior? How can you have a class of blond children without each child being blond?

"Experiments that measure the properties of low dose beams of photons show that stochastic processes generate the photons."

It is not exact. Laser beams are the result of coherent emission. We can't know when each photon is emitted, and in fact the emission time is a wrong concept. But the photon beam, comprising many photons, is coherent.

"Photons appear to be vibrations of our living space, rather than vibrations of the electromagnetic field."

Where from did you take this? Photons are gauge particles in the Standard Model. They may be generated in many ways, e.g. by electric charges in accelerated movement, by annihilation of a particle and an anti-particle, by atomic or nuclear transitions under certain conservation laws, etc. Where do you see our living space vibrating?

"in many experiments, photons are confused with EM waves that carry the same frequency."

Photons are not confused with EM waves, they are the building blocks thereof.

And after all, Hossein's question was where goes a photon after being absorbed. WHAT, in your long discourse, answers Hossein's question? Do you READ a question before answering?

Dear Sofia

Yes, my question is where goes a photon after being absorbed. Dear Hans has not answered my question, But he mentioned some of the problems in this way.

Dear Sydney Ernest Grimm

You are right. Because according to the standard model, photons and electrons (as well as other fundamental particles) are point-like.

Also, the standard model does not explain how a charged particle produces its electric field.

Therefore, the standard model unable to answer this question. But CPH Theory is able.

Sub quantum space and interactions properties from photon structure to fermions and bosons

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237009789_Sub_quantum_space_and_interactions_properties_from_photon_structure_to_fermions_and_bosons

Generalization of the Dirac's Equation and Sea

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303988070_Generalization_of_the_Dirac's_Equation_and_Sea

Best Regards

None of the respondents touched the long range behavior of photons. In free space waves spread in all directions. so the amplitude of waves diminish quickly to undetectable levels. During travel, one-dimensional shock fronts keep the shape AND the amplitude of their front. Probability waves can cross huge distances when the described particles can survive long ranges. Only the probability of detection diminishes, but it does no go to zero. So the possibility to detect a photon after a trip of millions of light years is still present. If the particle itself cannot survive the trip, then detection becomes impossible. By looking at the night sky you can see that photons can survive a trip of millions of light years. Electromagnetic waves cannot survive such trip in a detectable fashion.

I did not dispute the possibility that EM waves exist that share the same frequency as photons have. Still the two objects are two quite different things. A photon is a string of equidistant one-dimensional shock fronts. The shock fronts and the waves are different solutions of the wave equation. (In fact two quaternionic second order partial differential equations exist that offer shock fronts as their solutions. Only one supports waves. That is the quaternionic equivalent of the wave equation.)

Our living space is a field that exists always and everywhere. It is the field that carried the recently detected gravitation "waves". It is also the field that carries photons. It is no eather. Besides the one-dimensional shock fronts exist spherical shock fronts. They locally deform our living space and this deformation quickly fades away. This pulse response also expands the field persistently.

Photons are particles with a fixed spatial length. They are strings of equidistant one-dimensional shock fronts. If each front carries a standard bit of energy then the frequency determines the total energy. Planck's constant together with this standard bit of energy determine the length of the photon. Locally, all photons share the same length and the same emission duration.

If you want to measure photons, then be sure that you don't measure electromagnetic waves. These objects are confusingly similar in much of their behavior and properties. What comes of the stars and can be detected by the human eye are not EM waves. What is emitted by an atom in a quantized fashion is a photon. Absorption lines are caused by photons.

If you are measuring light waves, then you are measuring detection probability waves of light particles, which are photons. Photons are no waves. Be sure that you are not measuring genuine electromagnetic waves.

Dear Hossein, and all the other users,

The hardest part of the question seems to me the last one: where does a photon go when absorbed. Well, if absorbed by an atom, an electron jumps to an excited level.

But this answer, known to everybody, does not satisfy me. A photon is a "big" wave-packet, of a coherence length moch greater than the atom diameter. It is not clear how the big photon fits into the small atom. It reminds me the story with the genie in the bottle.

So, the answer to "where does the photon go at absorption", is simple, it goes to other forms of energy. But it's not clear how is this done. It seems that the interval of time during which the absorption takes place, is much shorter than the coherence time of the photon, i.e. the time it takes to the photon for passing through the atom. If this is true, it means that NOT the entire photon has to pass through the atom for the photon energy to be delivered. In other words, the photon energy is contained in a small part of the photon volume.

QM is silent about such things.

Dear Sofia

I agree with you. We don't often think of photons as being spread out in time and space and thus having a shape, but the ones in this experiment were some four meters long.

Review the time-resolved scattering of a single photon by a single atom

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311511253_Review_the_time-resolved_scattering_of_a_single_photon_by_a_single_atom

For original source see:

Victor Leong, et. al., "Time-resolved scattering of a single photon by a single atom",

Nature Communications (2016). DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13716. Preprint available at:

https://arxiv.org/abs/1604.08020

@Sydney Ernest Grimm

"When a photon releases its energy to the electron of an atom it is changing step by step (quantum by quantum) the spatial configuration of the electron in relation to the nucleus. When the string of quanta of the photon have the right wave length but it have to much quanta . . . "

What you talk about? One photon carries one single quantum of energy, E = h \nu, where \nu is its frequency. If you want two quanta of energy you should use two photons.

This quantum is indivisible, unless you down-convert the photon. The process of absorption by an atom is not a down-conversion process.

Before inventing theories about photons, one should know Planck's theory.

Dear Sydney Ernest Grimm,

The photon is the name of 1 quantum of electromagnetic energy. I am not wrong. If you don't do down-conversion, you can't split it.

Well, you can send a photon over a medium of atoms for which the energy of the excited level is smaller than the photon energy. Then, the photon would deliver its energy to an atom by ionizing it, and the rest of the energy may pass to the electron as kinetic energy.

Bottom line, to one signle atom, the photon doesn't deliver the energy in a series of portions, but in one single portion, otherwise the angular momentum conservation is violated.

The main issue in this discussion how a charged particle absorbs a photon that is electrically neutral?

In addition, the experience shows that photons (albeit very hard) combine together.

How is this combination of neutral photons feasible?

Observation of three-photon bound states in a quantum nonlinear medium

Forming photonic bound states

"Photons do not naturally interact with each other and must be coaxed into doing so. Liang et al. show that a gas of Rydberg atoms—a cloud of rubidium atoms excited by a sequence of laser pulses—can induce strong interactions between propagating photons. The authors could tune the strength of the interaction to make the photons form dimer and trimer bound states. This approach should prove useful for producing novel quantum states of light and quantum entanglement on demand".

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6377/783

Consider that photon is not a solid spherical, even a point – like particle. Because “There are still many puzzling aspects of the nature of light”.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/9/11/414/pdf

Einstein wrote in 1951: “All these fifty years of pondering have not brought me any closer to answering the question, what are light quanta?”

https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/0602036.pdf

If we use the mass of the electron as a measure for the energy of the photon that is produced at its annihilation, then the frequency v of this photon equals

v = m c2 /h

With

m = 9.10938356 × 10-31 kilograms

c = 299792458 m / s

h = 6.62607004 × 10-34 m2 kg / s

v = 1.235589965126603 × 1020

The period is c/v = 2.42631× 10-12

Each period carries a standard bit of energy.

Each period also corresponds to a standard bit of mass.

This is the mass of the constituents of the electrons.

If you know the length of the photon, then you know the number of constituents of the electron and you know the mass of those constituents.

The computed period equals the Compton wavelength of the electron and this value is the maximum shift in wavelength caused by scattering of the photon against the electron.

The constituents of the electron are spherical shock fronts.

Together they constitute the mass of the electron.

You also know the energy that is carried by a one-dimensional shock front.

At Compton scattering the photon appears to interact with one of the constituents of the electron. This corresponds with the model that at every subsequent instant a new hop landing location is generated. The corresponding pulse response quickly fades away.

The mass of the spherical shock fronts depends on the way that these shock fronts overlap in time and in space. This is determined by the stochastic process that generates the hop landings of the electron.

Dear Sydney Ernest Grimm

Your honest comment is commendable. Thank you so much.

The spherical shock fronts are pulse responses that react on the hop landings of the electron. Within the platform on which the electron resides, these hop landings are described by a hop landing location distribution that equals the characteristic function of the private stochastic process that generates the landing locations. The hop landings form a hopping path and a dense and coherent hop landing location swarm, such that the pulse responses overlap in time and in space. Thus, the swarm contains a huge number of elements. Within the platform the hopping path is closed. The map onto the embedding continuum is not closed. The closing step on the embedding continuum represents a displacement of the image of the swarm onto the continuum. A gauge factor that can be added to the characteristic function of the stochastic process acts as a displacement generator, which is constant throughout the regeneration cycle of the swarm. Consequently, the swarm moves as a single unit. The image of the swarm onto the embedding continuum represents the electron.

The pulse responses deform the embedding continuum by pumping some volume into the field that represents the embedding continuum. This deformation quickly fades away because the volume spreads over the full field. That is why the pulse responses must overlap. Therefore, the swarm must contain a huge number of elements.

See: https://www.researchgate.net/project/The-Hilbert-Book-Model-Project

If you belief in force carriers, then first show how these are generated. If you cannot show that, then your theory is quite probably a fantasy.

Dear Sydney Ernest Grimm

Your deep attitude to the forces impressed me.

Many years ago, the question came to me that if fermions are producing the bosons, then we should be able to describe the mechanism and Birthplace of the bosons (in terms of the space around the fermions).

Then I got some results, see chapter three of:

Adaptive Review of Three Fundamental Questions in Physics

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/302313653_Adaptive_Review_of_Three_Fundamental_Questions_in_Physics

And chapter 4 of:

Beyond the Standard Model : Modern physics problems and solutions

https://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/1939123623

Best Regards

Hossein

Sydney,

The minimum action principle, the Lagrangian, the wave function of particles, the stochastic processes that generate particles and own a characteristic function, the multi-mix path algorithm (https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Hilbert_Book_Model_Project#Multi-mix_Path_Algorithm) and the path integral, all relate to each other.

The multi-mix path algorithm derives the Lagrangian from the hopping path of elementary particles that is generated by their private stochastic process. The hopping path corresponds to a hop landing location swarm that has a location density distribution which equals the squared modulus of the wave function of the particle. The path integral integrates over all possible paths.

Dear Sydney Ernest Grimm

I appreciate your attention, I am looking forward your opinion.

With Best regards

Hossein

Sydney,

The paper "Structure in Physical Reality"; http://vixra.org/abs/1802.0186, is a short compilation of highlights of the Hilbert Book Model Project. It explores the tools that quantum physicists use in greater depth. Especially Hilbert spaces are exploited in all their capabilities and by reckoning the restrictions that these topologies pose. Please read the references at the end of the paper. The Wikiversity project documents all required mathematics that not easily can be found online. Also see the challenge: http://www.e-physics.eu/#_Challenge