For X-rays, refractive index of materials is less than 1, this means x-ray in materials travels greater than speed of light. How is this possible?

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Karsten Fleischer

Hi,

There is a difference between the phase and the group velocity (v_p can be larger than c). Have a look here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index#Refractive_index_below_unity

Karsten

Mikhail Nikolaevich Mashkin

Tunneling of photons in a photon-charged environment of atoms.

Preprint Прохождение света в среде - PASSAGE OF LIGHT IN A MEDIUM

Phase velocity is the apparent speed.