Ijaz Durrani : The so-called “Einstein Ring” ring is a propaganda; to big-up Einstein’s theories of relativity; used as a ruling idea (reinforced theology) of Anglo-American led modern monopoly capitalism. First of all, GR (the theory of gravity) is based on a brain-cooked 4-D geometrical construct of Minkowski, which has no relevance to objective reality. Please see: “The Mystery of the Lorentz Transform: A Reconstruction and Its Implications for Einstein's Theories of Relativity and cosmology” : INSPIRE>HEP: https://inspirehep.net/literature/2158754

Secondly, the bending of starlight is even predicted by Newton’s theory of gravity. The discovery of the evil quanta at the turn of 20th century brought a crisis in theoretical physics and cosmology. In addition, acute crisis in the pre-monopoly form of capitalism and the consequent inter-capitalist rivalry and wars was a severe threat to emerging Anglo-American monopoly capitalism. Arthur Eddington, the science representative of British Monarchy, found a solution to this crisis. He promoted a theology minded but obscure (German) Einstein to overnight fame by proving GR, from the bending of starlight by the sun, based on contrived and even fraudulent data. Eddington even bragged (according to Steven Weinberg) that “experimental data are valid only when supported by a good theory”. Most of the “proofs” in modern theoretical physics and cosmology (including the “God Particle”) are based on Eddington Principle and are contrived; as confirmation bias and inspired by the lure of fame, fortune and funds; in support of theology and the class rule; Please see: “Quō Vādis Theoretical Physics and Cosmology? From Newton's Metaphysics to Einstein's Theology”! https://www.peertechzpublications.us/amp/article/view/AMP-6-181/pdf

Many of the beautiful and awe-inspiring pictures of “smiling” black hole (even Einstein rejected the idea of black hole and both Einstein and Eddington rejected the possibility of gravitational waves, in published works) and other cosmic entities are mainly computer-generated graphics, simulated from theories.

Wikipedia, the mouth-piece of official science has the following to say on “Einstein Ring”: Hundreds of gravitational lenses are currently known. About half a dozen of them are partial Einstein rings with diameters up to an arcsecond, although as either the mass distribution of the lenses is not perfectly axially symmetrical, or the source, lens, and observer are not perfectly aligned, we have yet to see a perfect Einstein ring. Most rings have been discovered in the radio range. The degree of completeness needed for an image seen through a gravitational lens to qualify as an Einstein ring is yet to be defined”. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_ring

Although this is the first full ring to be observed, there have been dozens of observations of the bending of starlight when passing massive objects, going all the way back to 1918. In that case, it was shown that the Sun bends light passing it exactly as predicted by Einstein, but numerous more impressive effects have been commonly observed in the era of truly large telescopes, which can see distant objects in detail, and observe such rare phenomena on a regular basis. Even before the JWST went into operation there were hundreds of cases observed in which distant objects had their light bent in different directions by massive galaxy clusters, and with the JWST's ability to see farther and in far better detail, strange-looking "objects" that are multiple images of more distant objects caused by less massive objects lying in our line of sight will become so common that they will be practically every-day events.

Dear Mr. @Ijaz Durrani,

I noticed that your post relies on the concept of "wrapping of space," which is typically interpreted as the wrapping of spacetime. However, the observational evidence for relativistic spacetime curvature—often cited as the cause of light bending, leading to phenomena like the Einstein Ring and gravitational lensing—raises an important question.

Why should this observation be attributed to the wrapping of spacetime when the curvature of gravitational fields provides a more consistent explanation for the bending of light?

The classical interpretation of gravity, as described by Sir Isaac Newton, already accounts for gravitational fields curving the paths of objects, including light, without invoking relativistic spacetime curvature.

Moreover, if the bending of light were solely due to the curvature of spacetime, the object creating the curvature should obstruct the bent light from reaching the observer. In contrast, light bending through a gravitational field remains observable even in a classical framework, aligning with empirical observations without requiring the concept of wrapped spacetime.

Thus, the key question remains: If a classical gravitational field around a massive body can explain the bending of light in a logically consistent manner, whereas relativistic spacetime curvature introduces contradictions—such as the obstruction of bent light—why should we interpret gravitational lensing and Einstein’s Ring as evidence supporting curved spacetime rather than recognizing them as misinterpretations of relativistic theory?

The discovery of an Einstein ring significantly impacts cosmology by providing a powerful tool for studying dark matter, dark energy, and the large-scale structure of the universe. Einstein rings occur due to gravitational lensing, where light from a distant object (e.g., a galaxy or quasar) is bent by the gravitational field of an intervening massive object, forming a nearly perfect ring.Key Impacts on Cosmology: Dark Matter Mapping:The distortion of light in an Einstein ring allows precise measurements of the mass distribution of the lensing galaxy or cluster. Since most of this mass is dark matter, such observations help refine dark matter models and its spatial distribution. Hubble Constant Measurement:Time delays in the light paths of lensed objects provide an independent method to measure the Hubble constant (H0H_0H0​), helping resolve tensions in current cosmological measurements. Probing Dark Energy and Cosmic Expansion:Einstein rings at high redshifts allow constraints on the equation of state of dark energy (www), providing insights into whether dark energy is a cosmological constant (Λ\LambdaΛ) or dynamically evolving. Testing General Relativity (GR) on Cosmic Scales:Precise lensing measurements test whether Einstein’s theory of gravity holds at large cosmic distances, potentially revealing deviations that suggest modifications to GR. Detecting Exoplanets and Primordial Black Holes:Microlensing within Einstein rings can reveal unseen planetary-mass objects and place constraints on primordial black hole dark matter candidates. Conclusion: Einstein rings serve as natural cosmic magnifying glasses, offering unparalleled insights into fundamental physics, dark matter, dark energy, and the structure of the universe. Their discovery and study will refine our cosmological models and possibly uncover new physics beyond the Standard Model.

Thank you for reading through -sincerely IJAZ