Dual infection with HBV and HCV is not uncommon in geographic areas where a high endemic level of both infections is reported, such as Southeast-Asia and Mediterranean. In general, the prevalence is around 10-20% in patients with chronic HBV infection (see table​table1)1) 1-10, and 2-10% of anti-HCV-positive patients to have markers of HBV infection. In addition to chronic liver diseases, coinfection of HBV and HCV is frequently found in injection drug users (IDU, 42.5%) 11, patients on hemodialysis (3.7%) 12, patients undergoing organ transplantation (8%) 13, HIV-positive individuals (66%) 14, and beta-thalassemia patients (10%) 15, which means that those are the high risk population for infection of HBV and HCV concurrently.