There are several shell models that take into account drilling dof in shell formulation, and others not.
What is the effect of using this dof in the accuracy and convergence rate of finite element.
Thanks for reading
you can enter this link and see the effect
https://www.simscale.com/blog/2019/02/degrees-of-freedom-fem/
Concepts and Applications of Finite Element Analysis by cook, malkus, and witt...it's well explained there
drilling DOF is rotation around the z-axis.
Shell elements are idealised with 6 degrees of freedom (3 trans. and 3 rot., without inplane rotation (If shell element is defined in xy plane, rotation dof along z along will not exist). This dof is available in commercial fea packages. That has the advantage of avoiding singular solutions when modeling complex shell structures.
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