Many of the targets for codeine samples, whether pharmaceutical or non-pharmaceutical, contain lactose as a diluent. There is a problem that I care about now. It is the inhibitory effect of coexisting lactose and sucrose on the solvent extraction of alkaloids from a sample.
An example is the extraction of a 15% NaOH saturated aqueous solution of NaCl and chloroform from 1% diluted codeine phosphate for medical use (the diluent is 99% lactose).
The trigger was the following research presentation.
"Colorimetric determination of codeine"
[Japanese Pharmaceutical Association Pharmacy Magazine 76 (5): 608-610. May 1956. ]
It has the following explanation.
(Before solvent extraction of lactose-diluted codeine phosphate formulation)
"If the codeine preparation is a dilute powder or syrup, the extraction rate is 60-80% when extracted with chloroform using alkali hydroxide, and the value is unstable and not quantitative. This is thought to be based on the adsorption of lactose or sucrose, which has been used as an excipient or sweetener, so it is pre-dissolved in 1N hydrochloric acid and heated for 1 hour in a boiling water bath before extraction. After hydrolyzing lactose or sucrose to reduce its adsorptive power, it was extracted with chloroform and extracted with 96-98%, which was almost quantitative. "
As mentioned above, does lactose and sucrose have an adsorption effect?
Searching for other references does not confirm or deny this opinion.
I'm skeptical, but if this were the case, there would still be a lot of codeine in the water if the lactose was not broken down during extraction. This is a serious problem.
If you know about "adsorption of codeine on lactose", I would like to ask a question and use that opinion.
We are waiting for your comments.
Miyamoto Takeaki
Every compound that is coextracted with your analyte affects extraction. Especially if your analyte have limited solubility in the extractant.
Regards
GB
I am not sure of what you want to do in terms of isolating codeine. I have posted a protocol for cleaning up excipients like sugars for the identification of heroin and fentanyls. I also have posted a way to isolate codeine from cough preparations from other excipients (lactose, and others) which are low concentrations for GC-MS analysis. As the above G. Boczkaj explains the amount of excipients will definitely affect your extractions.
Dear Grzegorz Boczkaj.
Sorry for the late reply. Thank you for your feedback.
I am referring to it.
T.Miyamoto.
Dear Benny Lum.
Thank you for your reply.
Quantitative testing of our codeine preparations is aimed at confirming the presence of over-the-counter drugs that contain more than the national regulations for codeine or unseparated morphine.
When I wrote the story, it became very long, so I omitted it and reposted it.
Currently, certain codeine products are abused in Japan. But pharmaceutical companies put profit first.
In the past, unannounced inspections detected codeine significantly exceeding the specified amount, and some products were discontinued. This is incredible.
What I wanted to ask was the need for a cited reference procedure. In particular, if lactose and sucrose are not hydrolyzed to monosaccharides and then codeine is extracted, the theory is that the extraction rate will be around 70%.
And it is a sentence that almost all codeine can be extracted by decomposing lactose and sucrose into monosaccharides with dilute acid.
Of course, any mixture will definitely affect the extraction rate of the object.
But especially, codeine diluted with lactose is also used in medical institutions.
Therefore, it is an old document, but it cannot be ignored.
Published literature.
"If the codeine preparation is a dilute powder or syrup, the extraction rate is 60-80% when extracted with chloroform using alkali hydroxide, and the value is unstable and not quantitative. This is thought to be based on the adsorption of lactose or sucrose, which has been used as an excipient or sweetener, so it is pre-dissolved in 1N hydrochloric acid and heated for 1 hour in a boiling water bath before extraction. After hydrolyzing lactose or sucrose to reduce its adsorptive power, it was extracted with chloroform and extracted with 96-98%, which was almost quantitative. "
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