Hi Farhard, I think Brazil will have plenty of good examples for your research, in the Southeast region of the country(Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Minas gerais and Espirito Santo states) we are now facing a huge water shortage issue. Actually my final thesis is related to this subject.. it is aiming to provide some help for the city I study(Viçosa, MG) by working with the city´s sanitation company data, building a hydrological model of its water distribution system, and analyzing it to provide information for improvements. I´ll be finishing it by July. Let me know if you interested so I can provide you with the final paper.

Best Regards,

Gabriel Costa

Dear Farhad,

Something about northeast of Brazil:

http://sustentabilidade.cnseg.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/TransRe-Flood_Drought_Assessment_Of_Brazil_em_ingles.pdf

Program Agua para Todos (Water for All):

http://www.brasilsemmiseria.gov.br/documentos/mds_revista_ingles.pdf

About São Paulo please, see this question about "contingence fee" for water consumers in urban areas:

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Where_you_live_are_there_rules_for_rational_use_of_waterPreventive_planning_vs_subsequent_measures_What_do_you_think?_tpcectx=profile_questions

Regards,

Vanessa

During a drought throughout the Murray Darling Basin in Australia, significant water restrictions were placed on private and public water users in cities and towns which drew their water supplies from the river system.

Water use within houses was not targeted, rather water used for irrigating gardens and lawns was restricted.  Initial restrictions targeted the timing of irrigation, prescribing night-time irrigation only, and restricting the days on which irrigation could occur (eg. odd numbered houses only irrigated on odd numbered days.

As water restrictions intensified the method of irrigation was also targeted, with sprinkler irrigation being banned in private gardens, and only drip irrigation or hand watering being allowed.

In conjunction with these regulatory tools, there was a very high level of publicity about the drought and its impacts, and the need for everyone to do their part to get through the crisis.  Thus there was a level of ownership by the community, not just the imposition of regulation from above.

I hope this is of assistance to you. Regards, Mark Skewes

Interesting, but only in Polish:

https://www.nfosigw.gov.pl/bazawiedzy/ekspertyzy-dof-przez-nfosigw/

Regards,

Damian Absalon

Dear Farhad

Here are 3 example from India how water can be manged under difficult conditions. One example is the intervention of statutory body in helping people with daily supply of drinking water. The others are interventions at regional level by an individual and an institution.

https://www.researchgate.net/go.Deref.html?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sathyasai.org%2Fsaiwater%2Fcontent.htm

https://www.researchgate.net/go.Deref.html?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srisathyasai.org.in%2FPdf%2FSSSCT_SSS%2520Drinking%2520Water%2520Supply%2520Project_%2520Brochure.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/go.Deref.html?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srisathyasai.org.in%2Fpages%2Fservice_projects%2Fanantapur.htm

https://www.researchgate.net/go.Deref.html?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srisathyasai.org.in%2FPages%2Fservice_projects%2Fwatersupply.htm

Water Trade in Australia

The annual 4% limit on water entitlement trading out of an irrigation area is being reached in regions in several basin states, with a wide range of undesirable  consequences. The Commission considers that the 4% limit has impeded the use of buyback programs to assist in returning overallocated water systems to sustainable levels of extraction; unfairly and arbitrarily penalised willing sellers of irrigation entitlements; distorted patterns of water trade out of irrigation areas (including interstate trade); inhibited desirable and necessary structural change; and complicated interstate collaboration in other areas of water reform

https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=178&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CEsQFjAHOKoB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uq.edu.au%2Frsmg%2FWP%2FMurray_Darling%2FWPM10_2.pdf&ei=MvATVaerAcadugTolILACQ&usg=AFQjCNFU2c1FdVtUzSrqGXoL3mRADyP15Q

Farhad,

I would like to add some comments regarding water management in the Northeastern region of Brazil. In fact, water management in Brazil is an issue that is gradually improving along the years as a result of the experiences. In some economically developed regions WRM is a reality and we can see good results. However, in poor regions WRM is somewhat poor because of the broad poor local conditions: social engagement is poor, governance is lacking in many instances, water and environmental management plans are not considered by the public administration, despite of the regulation rules. In other words, there's a gap between what is planned and what is effectively made by the decision makers and administration. In fact, WRM is a political issue, and requires public engagement, commitment and environmental conciousness.

• Creation of surface storage
• Planning for less dependable yield
• Prevention of evaporation losses from reservoirs
• Adjustment in sanctioned water to a reservoir or its releases
• Reduction in conveyance losses
• Equitable distribution
• Maintenance of irrigation systems
• Better irrigation practice
• Irrigation scheduling
• Cropping pattern
• Conjunctive use of surface and ground water
• Watershed development
• Creation of large storages
• Integrating small reservoirs with major reservoirs
• Transfer of water from water excess basins to water-deficit basins

Thanks for your answers.

In order to pass an emergency condition, lots of methods have been used. Thanks for your helpful answers.

My point of view is mostly focused on conservation methods. These could be done by population and immigration management, rules and mandatory,  voluntary reduction, public education and culture and public behavior management.

Beside that, as a long term outreach, adaptation to climate can be a most effective way in order to deal with drought due to a sustainable society. Appropriate water management and water contribution could help a community to resist a drought situation more easily rather than an inappropriate one.

To what extend do you agree or disagree?

Best wishes

Hi

In drought areas, water harvesting and water spreading are of the main interventions for restoration and rehabilitation.

Best wishes.

Phases in Drought Risk Management

• Monitoring & Early Warning Systems

• Vulnerability & Risk Assessment

• Mitigation and Response

http://www.ais.unwater.org/ais/pluginfile.php/571/mod_page/content/85/UNW-DPC_Thematic%20session.pdf

Krishnan Umachandran I agree with him. Very good answer.

Start with SPI

First, the type of drought that happens in that specific area should be identified ( bearing in mind that there are various types of drought such as Meteorological Drought, Hydrological Drought, Agricultural Drought, Socioeconomic Drought, Ecological Drought).

Then, there could be various strategies to be followed to adapt or mitigate the condition.

in general, there are technical, financial, social, and environmental strategies to be applied to cope up with such events.

there are also proactive (before the drought happens) and reactive (after it happens) methods to apply to manage the situation of drought.

We have worked on some related issues:

Article Analysis of climate types: Main strategies for sustainable d...

Article Sectorización ecoterritorial para la producción agrícola sos...

SPI is calculated at weekly interval. But dry spell between first moisture to current determine the drought.