An interesting finding, but it is an exception (fault, incorrectness).

Bozena Sera

Even if observed (several times) in different populations of same species?

Different populations from one habitat?

Dear Mohsen,

It is really a very interesting phenomenon. In order for it to be a morphological standard, or a characteristic of a species, then we would need to have more information. Above all, that trait would have to be fixed in populations from different parts of the world. Please, what species (Apiaceae - too wide) is it? Is it a bred cultivar or a wild species? Please, could you add a photo of those embryonic twins?

Best regards,

BS

Dear Bozena & Nina

Thanks for your answers.

Actually I'm currently working on seed dormancy of some species of Apiaceae. And so I came across this phenomenon and after repeating, it caught my attention. I saw that in two populations from two separate habitats (of course rarely).

Finally, this is a native species (Ferula assa-feotida) of Iran that grows wild in pastures.

see the attached pictures pls (twin and single (normal) radical).

Bozena Sera Nina Sajna

Dear Nina

Thank you for your clear answer.

-Each radical contains all the essential structures. Of course, due to the special requirements of seedling growth, I still couldn't grow seedlings in environmental conditions.

-To make it clearer, take a closer look at this pic.

All the best :)

Please check it.

Article Characterization of twin embryos in almond

It is a morphological characteristic of a species. I have given some information of it. Please see the attached pictures.

Dear Mohsen,

thanks for the explanatory information and photo. It is good that it is a wild plant. This makes it more interesting!

Ferula assa-feotida does not occur in Central Europe and I have no experience with it. We worked with the team for years on the monocarpic perennial Peucedanum arenarium from the same family (Apiaceae). We failed to breakdown the seed dormancy. So I can't report about morphological germination of this species.

I wish you good luck with the Ferula.

BS

Dear Bozena Sera

Thank you so much for your technical answers.

I wish your work will be successful soon. Also I'm so eager to information exchange in this field if you are interested.

Regards

Mohsen.

Dear Sanjoy Kumar Bordolui

Thank you for sharing useful information. Actually, helped me to more understanding. I wonder if these disorders can cause possible changes in the developmental process and consequently there is a possibility of variation the germination behavior in the next generation seeds?

Dear Mohsen,

Polyembryony (the emergence of two or more radicles from a

single seed) is often considered a bet-hedging strategy of the mother plant, which ensures at least one individual seedling survives from a polyembryonic seed. But, producing many polyembryonic seeds may not always be advantageous as it increases computation for resources among siblings.

See the following references:

Hotchkiss, E.E., Ditommaso, A., Brainard, D.C., Mohler, C.L. (2008). Survival and performance of the invasive vine Vincetoxicum rossicum (Apocynaceae) from seeds of different embryo number under two light environments. American Journal of Botany, 95, 447–453.

Blanchard, M.L., Barney, J.N., Averill, K.M., Mohler, C.L., Ditommaso, A. (2010). Does polyembryony confer a competitive advantage to the invasive perennial vine Vincetoxicum rossicum (Apocynaceae)? American Journal of Botany, 97, 251-260.

Dear Shyam S. Phartyal

Thanks for your interesting answer and sharing your information.

All The Best.

Several species of Quercus (oaks), according to my observation.

Si-Chong Chen Interesting! thanks for your answer

Species of Reaumuria have twin embryos， I have seen that when germinating experiments ( but few seeds have).

I once read a review article about this, the source of which is below, I hope it helps.

Xi, L. and Xiangdong, L., 1992. Review of the study on polyembryony in rice, wheat, barley, oat and rye. Fujian Science and Technology of Rice and Wheat (China).

Taha Nazari

Thanks for sharing.

Regards.