Bo Miao

i assume this is genuine question you have raised;

leading with that,

The statement that gas radiation and absorption could invalidate the Second Law of Thermodynamics is a misunderstanding of how thermodynamics and heat transfer operate. The Second Law of Thermodynamics, in its simplest form, states that in any closed system, the entropy (a measure of disorder or randomness) tends to increase over time unless energy is put into the system to maintain or decrease entropy. This law is one of the fundamental principles underlying much of physics and engineering and is observed to hold true in countless experimentation.

Regarding the specific points raised:

1. Gas Radiation and Absorption

it true that gases at different locations can absorb radiation differently and this can lead to temperature differences across a system. However, this process does not violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The law does not imply that temperature differences cannot exist or that they cannot change; it primarily concerns the overall entropy of a closed system. In the context of gas radiation, the energy transfer through radiation leads to changes in temperature and can drive processes that increase the system's overall entropy.

2. Temperature Differences and Entropy

The creation of temperature differences through radiation absorption and emission is a part of how heat transfer operates in the universe. These processes, including conduction, convection, and radiation, are mechanisms for energy distribution and do not inherently contradict the Second Law. The entropy increase or decrease in a particular part of a system does not imply a violation of the law as long as the total entropy of the closed system, when considering all interactions, does not decrease.

3. Perpetual Motion Machines

The idea of a perpetual motion machine—a machine that can operate indefinitely without an energy source—is a concept that violates the First and/or Second Law of Thermodynamics. Despite extensive theoretical and experimental exploration, no such machine has been created or observed to exist. The Second Law, among other principles, indicates why perpetual motion machines are not feasible.

I did struggle to understand the non sequiator in your comments, as per the suggestion that belief in such devices is contingent on catastrophic events like nuclear war…it is not grounded in scientific reasoning.

Scientists rely on empirical evidence and theoretical consistency to validate or refute theories. The Second Law of Thermodynamics is supported by a vast body of evidence and theoretical understanding, making it one of the cornerstones of physical science. While scientific understanding evolves with new discoveries, any new theory or observation that appears to contradict well-established laws like the Second Law of Thermodynamics requires rigorous scrutiny, experimental validation, and theoretical explanation within the broader framework of physics.

best

H

Gas radiation can already be expressed using mathematical formulas, as long as the formula is correct, the conclusion is correct. I won't respond to language and text content.

These formulas are all from the heat transfer textbook, I just did some extended calculations.

Dear Harri, the so-called laws of thermodynamics are fundamentally incorrect for the undeniable reasons below:

-Approximately 95% of the universe is made of omnipresent invisible stuffs that can't be neglected (any attempt to have a closed system is doomed, and the said laws can't exist without an isolated system).

-Dear Bo, in science we don't believe, run your own test and embrace the facts (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376755702_DIRECT_PROOF_TO_THE_YANG_MILLS_EXISTENCE_AND_MASS_GAP_THE_UNIVERSAL_MUTATION_VIA_THE_ENERGY-MAKER-MACHINE).