Here is a useful tip: If your whole paragraph is summarised or paraphrased from one source, you put the reference after the closing full stop. (In the unusual situation of only the last sentence of your paragraph being summarised or paraphrased, then you put the reference before the closing full stop)

You have to go beyond one paragraph per paper, although that is the first step.

As Wafa has pointed out: your chosen literature must be "comprehensively surveyed, organized, integrated, interpreted and critically reviewed." This means shortening and even deleting some reviews, expanding others, sorting, and above all showing the linkages, accord, contradictions and gaps in the chosen field. Your introduction and conclusion should be aligned according to your findings, written last and your conclusions contain no citations.

The idea of rewriting and paraphrasing is quite different. In rewriting you use a whole new explanation of the correlation between your work and others' results, so you summarize the others' ideas/the idea of one or several papers into a sentence or more. In paraphrasing you don't rewrite anything except changing the position of sentences and/or change the tenses, so you don't summarize it but change the form of others' works. However, the idea of paraphrasing is on the edge of plagiarism, so you have to be careful about that. On the other hand, rewriting is the foundation of literature review, so all researchers have to do that in order to know the position of his/her work to the others' for considering the contribution to scientific world, especially in same/similar study(ies).

In rewriting, you can put proper citation only after each idea, so maybe you will put several citations in one sentence. In paraphrasing you must put citation to the whole paragraph, which is critical to be treated as plagiarism. Limit your paraphrasing to maximum 40 words for safe citation.

I agree, Corinthias. The nuances of this will often be determined by the formatting you use, also. APA considers complete paraphrasing as your own work vs plaigerism, but you would want to cite a source if the idea or construct being described is either unsettled in science, novel, or obscure in the literature. Of course in literature reviews, the entire idea is to say what others have said relative to your hypotheses' topic, so elaborate citations may be needed on each point, at the end of each sentence, or, if one source is being cited, at the end of the paragraph, if the entire paragraph relates to the construct, data, or idea being described. An APA editor can assist in the scientific papers, if needed.

I am afraid you need to follow a different strategy. Review articles are far different from merely summarizing and paraphrasing the original research articles. Instead, up-to-date published literature should be comprehensively surveyed, organized, integrated, interpreted and critically reviewed. Review articles, in fact, are critical evaluations of primary publications presenting the authors' own views. Attached is an example guideline on how to write a review article; hope it helps.

PS- if the paraphrasing is complete--and not just changing of tense, etc.--and you make a citation, the question of plaigerism is null and void. But I agree we should be ever conscience to cite to avoid even the appearance of plaigerism.

Yes, I do agree. Complete paraphrasing is better, however, 40 words are reasonable limit to do that. About review article, it is a unique idea in literature review, because positioning of author's own idea has to be confronted with previous and/or primary ones. Furthermore, the are differences in natural science and social science. Review article in social science is what we call it as real critiques, but in natural science researchers cannot do an exact critique because the basis of natural science is invention and not critiques. The way to make review article in both areas is remain very similar. However, review article in natural science has to be interpreted as fill-in the gap using invention, and in social science has to be interpreted as fill-in the gap using bridge. It doesn't mean that there is no invention in social science, but the realms of "gap" between these two areas are very different.

Not necessarily, but if you have taken the sentence from anybody's work, then u have to give proper citation. Citations can come in between the text, at the beginning of text or at the end of text.

Here is a useful tip: If your whole paragraph is summarised or paraphrased from one source, you put the reference after the closing full stop. (In the unusual situation of only the last sentence of your paragraph being summarised or paraphrased, then you put the reference before the closing full stop)

You have to go beyond one paragraph per paper, although that is the first step.

As Wafa has pointed out: your chosen literature must be "comprehensively surveyed, organized, integrated, interpreted and critically reviewed." This means shortening and even deleting some reviews, expanding others, sorting, and above all showing the linkages, accord, contradictions and gaps in the chosen field. Your introduction and conclusion should be aligned according to your findings, written last and your conclusions contain no citations.

No problem in any way to do it ,i think you need read the initial paper very sinecerly,otherwise ,you can misunderstand the meaning of paper,i find some review paper prouduce the foult about this side!

I only know it this way: if it is strictly one other text, you simply put the reference at the end of the paraphrase - no matter how long it is. If you mix different ideas from different texts, you will have to put a reference after each new paraphrase.

if you take paragraph from one paper you can cite at the end of the paragraph. if you take mix data then yo will have to cite after every distinguished line.

You may express in your own words what a certain author(by name) has presented a thought or a concept and at the end give the reference in the bracket ( for example- Troelstrup, Arch. W." Consumer problems and personal Finance" New York: McGraw-Hill,1999, chapters6-8

Just make it quite clear where the other author's thoughts start and end. Devices to do this include indenting, or more safely, use double citation --before and after. E.g., Jones believes {your words go here} (Jones, 2000).

Very precise and clear answer by Ian Kennedy

A citation at the end of the paragraph should be adequate

...unless, in your text, you are listing a series of constructs or items that are supported by different sources that are singular in their support of just one of the items in the series [ex: "The literature suggests that the keratosis obturans (Johnson & Baer, 2009), external ear cholesteotoma (Stabb, 2011), and otitis media with effusion (Sharp et al., 2010) each may result from ongoing, untreated periodontal disease."] In the foregoing example, we are demonstrating that three different pathophysiological conditions can evolve from a single source, but are having to draw upon three sources independent of each other that each describe only one condition arising from a single possible etiology. When I edit dissertations I often find the writer trying to write the foregoing example as thus: "The literature suggest that the keratosis obturans, external ear cholesteatoma, and suppurative otitis media with effusion each may result from ongoing, untreated periodontal disease (Johnson & Baer, 2009; Sharp et al., 2010; Stabb, 2011)."

The latter example leads the reader to assume each of the cited sources state something about all three of the conditions listed, when in fact they do not. I mention this, because if we simply go by the rule of giving citations at the end of a paragraph, there will be instances where that would not work under APA style. Just a clarification, thank you.

Yes!

You should do like that.

The citation should be as close as reasonably possible to the actual content being referred to (whether using direct quotation or paraphrasing). Max Chartrand provides an excellent example.

But I believe that question is asking about extended paraphrasing. Style guides may vary, but APA explains that the in-text citation should come at the beginning of the idea. For example: Smith (2013) describes the concept as a . . .

I believe that the best practice is to be clear about attribution throughout the paraphrasing.

For example: Smith (2013) describes the concept as a . . . Smith continues by suggesting . . . Smith stresses . . . Finally, Smith warns that . . . .

Thanks, Steve! Good points.

How do I in-text cite a paraphrase with multiple continuous paragraphs based on the same author's work?

Paraphrasing Smith(1999), paragraph paragraph paragraph. This thesis agrees with this approach taken by Smith because...

(That is, the repetition of 'Smith' brackets his work, and separates it from yours. -- A block indent would imply a direct quote.)

Ian, is that APA style?

@Max: I have consulted both my APA and AIP Publication Manual / Style Guides (both in their 4th Editions). Apparently, neither Psychologists nor Physicists ever have a need to paraphrase multiple paragraphs. HA!

That's what I wondered, as I have graded many graduate papers and could not recall that we had a fixed rule on that. But what you described sounds correct (ha). I also note that some past rules that went into a bit more minutiae no longer are included in recent editions.

@Max: Thanks for your interesting question. I am surprised that such a fundamental thing that every student seems to need to know is not documented. I was also interested to see that once a direct quote passes 39 words, it should become a block quote.

This is an excellent resource for answering cite questions. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/

After every article you read, Once you done with your summary, the inline reference (Yakhov, 2010, p. 08) should be given. This can easily be handled with MS word reference facility. Once you finished the entire chapter, the extended or rather complete reference should be given.

HI Abu,

Here's an old rule that I've heard many times: when in doubt, cite.

However, I think you should consult the style manual that you intend to use. It should provide the correct method. Examples would be APA, Harvard, and Chicago style manuals.

Have a great day!

-Adrian

Although this is an older post it is still pertinent. Mcadoo (2011), who writes an APA blog for APA, says that is it technically correct to stie at the end of each sentence. Neededless to say, that can become boring (and bulky) quickly. He suggests looking at pages 15-16 of the latest APA guide to see samples of ways you can site correctly without being so bulky.

Surely yes

Best Regards Abu M. Sufiyan

It is not necessary to cite every single line. Just one citation either at the start or end will do. Please refer to the following blog for good paraphrasing and referencing practices.

https://www.ref-n-write.com/trial/paraphrasing-techniques-for-rephrasing-rewording-and-rewriting/