Fascinating topic. At the genetic level all humans are wired for what we refer to as primal emotions. However, the processes of socialization and enculturation are much more potent re: our emotional range. Collective cultures and individual ones will vary. Ethnocentrism will distort how we see others whom we are less familiar with. And transculturally, "display rules" will vary.

Rich

I think that this is too complex of a question to provide a simple answer. Parental ethnotheories around emotion, parenting style, age, gender, and socioeconomic status are all factors that create nuances in the goals parents' form for children's emotional expression, even if they are from the same national origin.

Nicole Marie Summers-Gabr I totally agree with your point. Parenting style, age, gender, socio economic status play an important role for any child in different cultures on displaying their emotions. I would like to add some more points,

1. Parent child relationship: Which parent is close to the child? Mother or Father.

2. Role of grandparents in up bringing.

3. Sibling/ Peer relationship.