Dear Dr. Craig Refugio , it is an interesting question. I have tried to summarize to manage your question going through different resources. I hope, the information will be helpful to you.
I. Analyzing Information
Analyzing quantitative and qualitative data is often the topic of advanced research and evaluation methods courses. However, there are certain basics which can help to make sense of reams of data.
Always start with your research goals
When analyzing data (whether from questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, or whatever), always start from review of your research goals, i.e., the reason you undertook the research in the first place. This will help you organize your data and focus your analysis. For example, if you wanted to improve a program by identifying its strengths and weaknesses, you can organize data into program strengths, weaknesses and suggestions to improve the program. If you wanted to fully understand how your program works, you could organize data in the chronological order in which customers or clients go through your program. If you are conducting a performance improvement study, you can categorize data according to each measure associated with each overall performance result, e.g., employee learning, productivity and results.
Basic analysis of "quantitative" information
(for information other than commentary, e.g., ratings, rankings, yes's, no's, etc.):
Make copies of your data and store the master copy away. Use the copy for making edits, cutting and pasting, etc.
Tabulate the information, i.e., add up the number of ratings, rankings, yes's, no's for each question.
For ratings and rankings, consider computing a mean, or average, for each question. For example, "For question #1, the average ranking was 2.4". This is more meaningful than indicating, e.g., how many respondents ranked 1, 2, or 3.
Consider conveying the range of answers, e.g., 20 people ranked "1", 30 ranked "2", and 20 people ranked "3".
Basic analysis of "qualitative" information
(respondents' verbal answers in interviews, focus groups, or written commentary on questionnaires):
Read through all the data.
Organize comments into similar categories, e.g., concerns, suggestions, strengths, weaknesses, similar experiences, program inputs, recommendations, outputs, outcome indicators, etc.
Label the categories or themes, e.g., concerns, suggestions, etc.
Attempt to identify patterns, or associations and causal relationships in the themes, e.g., all people who attended programs in the evening had similar concerns, most people came from the same geographic area, most people were in the same salary range, what processes or events respondents experience during the program, etc.
Keep all commentary for several years after completion in case needed for future reference.
II. Reporting Research Findings
This section is the principal outcomes of a research project; what the project suggested, revealed or indicated. This usually refers to the totality of outcomes, rather than the conclusions or recommendations drawn from them. Very often, you will have to write reports, which are documents containing factual and objective information that you have collected through research. Analytical research reports, which are written after having gathered important information from primary research resources such as surveys or experiments, rather than published documents, present original data that you collect and analyse. Learning to write them well, especially the Results and Discussion section, sometimes called Findings or simply Results, is an important skill you will need to learn. This chapter suggests ways to write the Results and Discussion section of analytical reports in effective and convincing ways. To accomplish this, you will need to do the following:
· Use text and visual aids properly
· Interpret results
· Use headings and sub-headings
· Use language of reporting appropriately
· Refer to figures correctly
III. Conclusion
It is your job at this point to make one last push to the finish to create a cohesive and organised final chapter. If your concluding chapter is unstructured or some sort of ill-disciplined rambling, the person marking your work might be left with the impression that you lacked the appropriate skills for writing or that you lost interest in your own work. To avoid these pitfalls, you will need to know what is expected of you and what you need to include in your successful dissertation conclusion chapter.
There are three parts (at a minimum) that need to exist within your dissertation conclusion. These include:
· Research objectives – a summary of your findings and the resulting conclusions
· Recommendations
· Contributions to knowledge
You may also wish to consider a section on self-reflection, i.e. how you have grown as a researcher or a section on limitations (though this might have been covered in your research methods chapter). This adds something a little different to your chapter and allows you to demonstrate how this research/dissertation has affected you as aresearcher/academic.
Furthermore, your conclusion must begin with an introduction (usually very short at about a paragraph in length). This paragraph typically explains the organisation of the content, reminds the reader of your research aims/objectives, and provides a brief statement of what you are about to do. The length of a conclusion varies with the length of the overall project, but similar to an introduction, a 5-7% of the total word count estimate should be acceptable.
Article Qualitative Research: Data Collection, Analysis, and Management
Dear Dr. Craig Refugio , it is an interesting question. I have tried to summarize to manage your question going through different resources. I hope, the information will be helpful to you.
I. Analyzing Information
Analyzing quantitative and qualitative data is often the topic of advanced research and evaluation methods courses. However, there are certain basics which can help to make sense of reams of data.
Always start with your research goals
When analyzing data (whether from questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, or whatever), always start from review of your research goals, i.e., the reason you undertook the research in the first place. This will help you organize your data and focus your analysis. For example, if you wanted to improve a program by identifying its strengths and weaknesses, you can organize data into program strengths, weaknesses and suggestions to improve the program. If you wanted to fully understand how your program works, you could organize data in the chronological order in which customers or clients go through your program. If you are conducting a performance improvement study, you can categorize data according to each measure associated with each overall performance result, e.g., employee learning, productivity and results.
Basic analysis of "quantitative" information
(for information other than commentary, e.g., ratings, rankings, yes's, no's, etc.):
Make copies of your data and store the master copy away. Use the copy for making edits, cutting and pasting, etc.
Tabulate the information, i.e., add up the number of ratings, rankings, yes's, no's for each question.
For ratings and rankings, consider computing a mean, or average, for each question. For example, "For question #1, the average ranking was 2.4". This is more meaningful than indicating, e.g., how many respondents ranked 1, 2, or 3.
Consider conveying the range of answers, e.g., 20 people ranked "1", 30 ranked "2", and 20 people ranked "3".
Basic analysis of "qualitative" information
(respondents' verbal answers in interviews, focus groups, or written commentary on questionnaires):
Read through all the data.
Organize comments into similar categories, e.g., concerns, suggestions, strengths, weaknesses, similar experiences, program inputs, recommendations, outputs, outcome indicators, etc.
Label the categories or themes, e.g., concerns, suggestions, etc.
Attempt to identify patterns, or associations and causal relationships in the themes, e.g., all people who attended programs in the evening had similar concerns, most people came from the same geographic area, most people were in the same salary range, what processes or events respondents experience during the program, etc.
Keep all commentary for several years after completion in case needed for future reference.
II. Reporting Research Findings
This section is the principal outcomes of a research project; what the project suggested, revealed or indicated. This usually refers to the totality of outcomes, rather than the conclusions or recommendations drawn from them. Very often, you will have to write reports, which are documents containing factual and objective information that you have collected through research. Analytical research reports, which are written after having gathered important information from primary research resources such as surveys or experiments, rather than published documents, present original data that you collect and analyse. Learning to write them well, especially the Results and Discussion section, sometimes called Findings or simply Results, is an important skill you will need to learn. This chapter suggests ways to write the Results and Discussion section of analytical reports in effective and convincing ways. To accomplish this, you will need to do the following:
· Use text and visual aids properly
· Interpret results
· Use headings and sub-headings
· Use language of reporting appropriately
· Refer to figures correctly
III. Conclusion
It is your job at this point to make one last push to the finish to create a cohesive and organised final chapter. If your concluding chapter is unstructured or some sort of ill-disciplined rambling, the person marking your work might be left with the impression that you lacked the appropriate skills for writing or that you lost interest in your own work. To avoid these pitfalls, you will need to know what is expected of you and what you need to include in your successful dissertation conclusion chapter.
There are three parts (at a minimum) that need to exist within your dissertation conclusion. These include:
· Research objectives – a summary of your findings and the resulting conclusions
· Recommendations
· Contributions to knowledge
You may also wish to consider a section on self-reflection, i.e. how you have grown as a researcher or a section on limitations (though this might have been covered in your research methods chapter). This adds something a little different to your chapter and allows you to demonstrate how this research/dissertation has affected you as aresearcher/academic.
Furthermore, your conclusion must begin with an introduction (usually very short at about a paragraph in length). This paragraph typically explains the organisation of the content, reminds the reader of your research aims/objectives, and provides a brief statement of what you are about to do. The length of a conclusion varies with the length of the overall project, but similar to an introduction, a 5-7% of the total word count estimate should be acceptable.
Article Qualitative Research: Data Collection, Analysis, and Management
I hereby attach excellent resources on how to write very good findings, analysis and conclusion of phenomena studied. I have also included classic examples of such studies. Best regards
You need to analyze about the sensitivity values, parameters and the results of your research as well as how can gain the best performance from what or certain benefits or lessons in our research fields.
Your findings could be new and instrumental in the practical and further studies.
Conclusion reveals how impacts your research work with the help of the results and findings.
The findings refer to the results found in the investigation, either documentary or field.
The analysis of the results obtained is done by comparing what was found in the work, versus what has already been published regarding the topic of interest. In this part, measurement instruments that are already validated and reliable are generally used; and the analysis is supported, by means of the basic semi-automatic statistical method (scientific calculators) or with statistical packages to operate in microcomputers (SPSS, Stata, Epi Info, Excel, Matlab, etc.).
The conclusions are drawn by the researcher of said comparison. The results of the comparison generally appear in a publication as "Discussion". The evaluative synthesis of this discussion are precisely the Conclusions of the Work.
regards
Jose Luis
I give an example of educational research, where you can identify without difficulty the different sections already mentioned:
Article [The perception of ethics from the point of view of medical students]
dear Craig, please see my work (published here on RG) < 📷Sourceunification of relativity & quantum without using strings-2nd version > 1st I analysed RT&QT laws by using distributions theory (constant functionals), then I found out that much laws cannot operate together, or they fail, and at last: the conclusions are:: the entire physics is to revide (laws should be written in a new language: terms/values should be expressed as complex functionals (on test functions)
ergo: analysed, found out, conclusions AND PROPOSAL.
analysis and conclusion: try to use e=mc² AND m=m0/sqrt(1-v²/c²) toghether and one will see it doesn`t work especially for virtual particles passing a higgs field to become particles with mass!