Ahmed Rayan asked the following question:
Chronic stress leads to anxiety or depression?
Chronic stress can lead to anxiety in some people, while it can lead to depression in others. Some people with chronic stress may experience both anxiety and depression. It seems not clear how stress, anxiety, and depression contribute to each other. How can we interpret these different combinations of co-morbidity?
But according to many researchers (Raine, 2013) chronic stress can also lead to externalizing behaviour.
What are these different pathway's?
I think that all phenomena considering your question need answers that incorporate biological, psychological and social explanations. These three are interdependent.
Starting the psychological angle, anxiety and depression are very often intertwined. We are using these terms as if the are independent variables wich these are only to a certain extend i think. The can be depeicited as internalising problem behavior and when they are lalso linked to externalising problem behavior I immediatly think of trauma as a explainatory factor? See Raine (2013) about maltreatement, abuse , neglect and agression.
You coulld also read the work of Kerig and Becker about Trauma.
My own research on girls in residential care shows that for girls in living groups, internalising behavior leads to a decline in atmosphere and direct and indirect agression. The source of agression is always the social relations of the girls in the livinggroup and last but not least, behaving aggressively leads to more internalising problem behavior (article submitted).
This is a sexspecific pattern for livinggroup climate.
Dear Peer,
Check the general adaptation syndrome by Selye out:
https://www.google.fi/search?q=general+adaptation+syndrome&espv=2&biw=1280&bih=933&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0CB0QsARqFQoTCJKVkY-AjskCFaPzcgodo8UEhw
Article The general-adaptation-syndrom and the gastrointestinal dise...
Article Human psychobiology in Scandinavia: II. Psychoneuroendocrino...
Dear Juliette, Renzo and Beatrice Marianne, thank you for your worthwile contributions, especially Beatrice Marianne for the articles. But we have still an unresolved question about Pathways and a meta-analysis I dug up (Evans et. al 2008-Agression and Violent Behaviour) on witnessing domestic violence suggests the stress accompanied results in boys displaying more externalizing symptoms en girls more internalising symptoms. So far so good (male are more susceptible to externalising problems than female), but then they suggest this pattern will reverse at adolescence.
So what is happening?
Peer
Dear peer,
Boys have more testosterone than girls. HPA-axis , sympaticus and parasympaticus activation are responsible for stress both in boys and girls. Selye has described this in details in his works. There are sex differences in stressors for men and women: men are more stressed by work-related events, women most stressed by children's disorders.
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Article Seventeen and stressed – Do gender and class matter?
Here I ask one question . How chronic stress causes anxiety in animals ? In my study of Chronic Unpredictable mild stress (CUMS); I could not found anxiety behavior after 21 days of CUMS paradigm (both in EPM and OFT test) but I noticed a hyperlocomotion in stressed animals.
Dear Peer,
Also check out the interaction between chronich psychological stress and the gut-brain e.g Bharwani, Main, Foster et al 2016; Bauer, Hamr en Duca 2015; Dinan, Stilling, Staton en Cryan 2015.
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