Dispersed 2 g of graphite flakes in 46 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid in an ice bath. Add 6 g of potassium permanganate slowly 15–20 min at 0–5 oC and stirring was continued for 2 h. Transfer the mixture to a pre-heated oil bath at 35 oC and stirred for 4 hrs.. Add 92 ml of de-ionized (DI) water (add slowly) to the reaction mixture and stirr for another 2 h. The reaction mixture was then transferred to a 1 liter beaker and then add 35% hydrogen peroxide solution (drop by drop ) . Add hydrochloric acid solution (5% by volume) . As-synthesized GO was dispersed in water, resulting in the formation of brown dispersion. The dispersed GO was repeatedly washed with DI water to completely remove the residual salts and acids. The purified GO was finally dispersed in water (0.5 mg/ml) and ultrasonically exfoliated in an ultrasonic bath .