We do not have a lyophilization in our lab so I must prepare the samples in another way. Because the conjugate is not viscous as much as a gel or polymer, it s not possible to prepare it as film.
It involves different steps.
1: Take aluminum foil and cut it into two small pieces.
2: Take the first piece of Al-foil and paste a small piece of sticky tape in the center and put small amount of your sample powder on the tape and spread it uniformly.
3: Now place the other part of Al-foil on that sample powder and place it under hydrolic press for around 1 minute.
4: After one minute, release the pressure and take it out. Unleash the upper part of Al-foil. Meanwhile also place a small piece of carbon tape on the XPS sample holder. Now cut the extra parts of Al-foil according to the size of carbon tape on xps sample holder and paste your sample on this carbon tape.
This is how you prepare your sample...
It seems complicated but little practice ll make it easier for you.
Good luck!
If the sample is solid, the diameter (diagonal) of the sample should be 4~12mm, and its thickness should be
https://www.coursera.org/learn/nanotechnology/lecture/gWS9t/x-ray-photoelectron-spectroscopy-sample-preparation-demonstration
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