The relevance of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain axis to Alzheimer’s and neurodegenerative diseases needs extensive analysis. The various articles indicate that there are various questions with relevance to microbiota-gut-brain axis that are relevant to the pathology, pathogenesis and treatment of neurodegnerative diseases.Several mechanistic studies are required to determine the underlying mechanisms for effective and safe probiotic treatment for AD and probiotic benefits remain to determined. The relevance of gut dysbiosis may induce inflammatory responses that may be the cause of the induction of the pathogenesis of AD and relevance of diet (unhealthy diets), probiotics and gut microbiota should be carefully assessed. The meta-analysis studies indicate that probiotics reduce inflammation and oxidative stress and enhances cognition in AD and MCI individuals. The effects of different types of probiotics on amyloid formation and deposition needs to be evaluated and probiotic mixture therapy may be unsafe. The safety of probiotic therapy for AD patients require investigation with relevance to neuron reprogramming and programmed cell death in AD. The risk of unsafe microbiota and probiotic use may lead to the inactivation of the anti-aging gene Sirtuin 1 and the generation of uncontrolled short chain fatty acid release that promote amyloid beta plaque formation.
The concerns with relevance to the induction of dyslipidemia and the role of safety of diet-microbiota-brain axis should be carefully assessed with relevance to the cholesterol-AD connections. The prebiotic, symbiotic and probiotic formulations should be carefully assessed for bacterial composition and living microorganisms such as gram negative and positive. The release of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from gram negative bacteria needs to be controlled and the content of gram negative bacteria carefully assessed in these prebiotic, symbiotic and probiotic formulations. Unhealthy diets contain end products such as LPS and diets should be carefully assessed for LPS contents since LPS has been associated with the inactivation of Sirtuin 1. The gut microbiota based therapy is in progress and the relevance to the treatment of brain diseases such as AD is limited. The benefits, limitations and safety of gut microbiota and probiotics on Alzheimer’s disease needs to be placed under systematic review with relevance to dietary regulation and postbiotic supplementation that have the implications for amyloidosis and neurodegeneration. The role of probiotic therapies to create a health gut environment by balancing bacterial populations may require the activation of the anti-aging gene Sirtuin 1 to reverse the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. The literature indicates that yogurt is a prime source for probiotics and provide a healthy balance of live bacteria to provide health benefits to individuals in various countries of the world. However a recent article indicates that within 12 hours yoghurt can grow gram negative bacteria. The gram negative bacteria in yoghurt depending on daily or weekly intake can generate high levels of plasma LPS with relevance to prebiotic, synbiotic and probiotic quality products and ill health. Yoghurt products may need to be assessed for gram negative bacteria populations and LPS to determine the quality control of these products for international communities.
📷
RELEVANT REFERENCES:
A. Marzban A, Rahmanian V, Marzban A, Ramezani Siakhulak F. The Role of Probiotics in Improving Alzheimer's Disease. JNFS. 2022; 7 (2) :136-138.
B. de Rijke TJ, Doting MHE, van Hemert S, De Deyn PP, van Munster BC, Harmsen HJM, Sommer IEC. A Systematic Review on the Effects of Different Types of Probiotics in Animal Alzheimer's Disease Studies. Front Psychiatry. 2022 Apr 27;13:879491.
C. Guo L, Xu J, Du Y, Wu W, Nie W, Zhang D, Luo Y, Lu H, Lei M, Xiao S, Liu J. Effects of gut microbiota and probiotics on Alzheimer's disease. Transl Neurosci. 2021 Dec 27;12(1):573-580.
D. Ji HF, Shen L. Probiotics as potential therapeutic options for Alzheimer's disease. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021 Oct;105(20):7721-7730.
E. D’Argenio V, Sarnataro D (2021) Probiotics, prebiotics and their role in Alzheimer’s disease. Neural Regen Res 16(9):1768-1769.
F. Bonfili L, Cuccioloni M, Gong C, Cecarini V, Spina M, Zheng Y, Angeletti M, Eleuteri AM. Gut microbiota modulation in Alzheimer's disease: Focus on lipid metabolism. Clin Nutr. 2022 Mar;41(3):698-708.
G. Naomi, R.; Embong, H.; Othman, F.; Ghazi, H.F.; Maruthey, N.; Bahari, H. Probiotics for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022, 14, 20.
H. Arora K, Green M, Prakash S. The Microbiome and Alzheimer's Disease: Potential and Limitations of Prebiotic, Synbiotic, and Probiotic Formulations. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020 Dec 14;8:537847. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.537847.
I. Peterson CT. Dysfunction of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Neurodegenerative Disease: The Promise of Therapeutic Modulation With Prebiotics, Medicinal Herbs, Probiotics, and Synbiotics. J Evid Based Integr Med. 2020 Jan-Dec;25:2515690X20957225.
J. Kincaid HJ, Nagpal R, Yadav H. Diet-Microbiota-Brain Axis in Alzheimer's Disease. Ann Nutr Metab. 2021;77 Suppl 2:21-27. doi: 10.1159/000515700.
K. Alessio Vittorio Colombo Rebecca Katie Sadler Gemma Llovera Vikramjeet Singh Stefan Roth Steffanie Heindl Laura Sebastian Monasor Aswin Verhoeven Finn Peters Samira Parhizkar Frits Kamp Mercedes Gomez de Aguero Andrew J MacPherson Edith Winkler Jochen Herms Corinne Benakis Martin Dichgans Harald Steiner Martin Giera Christian Haass Sabina Tahirovic Arthur Liesz. (2021) Microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids modulate microglia and promote Aβ plaque deposition. eLife 10:e59826.
L. Anti-Aging Genes Improve Appetite Regulation and Reverse Cell Senescence and Apoptosis in Global Populations. Advances in Aging Research, 2016, 5, 9-26
M. Appetite Regulation and the Peripheral Sink Amyloid beta Clearance Pathway in Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease. Top 10 Commentaries in Alzheimer’s Disease (e-book). 2019;2:1-11. www.avidscience.com
N. Single Gene Inactivation with Implications to Diabetes and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome. J Clin Epigenet. Vol. 3 No. 3:24.
O. Sirtuin 1, a Diagnostic Protein Marker and its Relevance to Chronic Disease and Therapeutic Drug Interventions”. EC Pharmacology and Toxicology 6.4 (2018): 209-215.
P. Nutritional diets accelerate amyloid beta metabolism and prevent the induction of chronic diseases and Alzheimer’s disease. Photon ebooks. 2015.
Q. Wassenaar TM, Zimmermann K. Lipopolysaccharides in Food, Food Supplements, and Probiotics: Should We be Worried? Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp). 2018 Aug 21;8(3):63-69.
R. The Future of Genomic Medicine Involves the Maintenance of Sirtuin 1 in Global Populations. Int J Mol Biol . 2017. 2(1): 00013.
S. Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides and Neuron Toxicity in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurology Research and Surgery. 2018; 1(1): 1-3.
T. C.J. Hervert, N.H. Martin, K.J. Boor, M. Wiedmann. Survival and detection of coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae, and gram-negative bacteria in Greek yogurt, Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 100, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 950-960.
U. Fisberg M, Machado R. History of yogurt and current patterns of consumption. Nutr Rev. 2015 Aug;73 Suppl 1:4-7.