Thanks a lot for sending very useful literature.

"(......) However, in living nature, the situation changes dramati- cally. Broken mirror symmetry of bioorganic objects was first noticed by Louis Pasteur and led him to the conclusion that the molecular substrate of life was not only chiral but also asym- metric (4). What can be said about it now that relatively simple organ- isms have been studied in so much detail that apparently the only question that remains unanswered is how all these organ- isms could arise? It is common knowledge that polymer constituents of the double-stranded DNA structure may involve millions of nu- cleotide links, that similar RNA chains incorporate hundreds and even thousands ofnucleotide monomers, and that polymer chains of enzymes usually consist of several hundred amino acid links. DNA and enzymes play essentially different roles; DNA macromolecules are informational carriers, whereas macromolecules ofenzymes are functional carriers. RNA plays a part of an intermediary between DNA and enzymes and occasionally takes on the duties of either of the sides (5, 6). However, from the "chiral" viewpoint, all these biopolymers feature a remarkable trait, namely, nucleotide links of RNA and DNA incorporate exclusively D-ribose and D-deoxyri- bose, respectively, whereas enzymes involve solely L enanti- omers of amino acids. In other words, the primary structures of DNA, RNA, and enzymes are homochiral. This property is inherent in all informational and functional biocarriers with- out exception. Control exerted over enantiomers in the course of biosynthesis of RNA, DNA, and enzymes is so exact that for every 106 to 108 DNA links, there is less than one failure. The strict control would be impossible without certain enzymes that, whenever necessary, accomplish enantioselective functions. It is these enzymes that (i) recognize enantiomers of a chiral substrate, as in Pasteur's experiments on growing bacteria in racemic nourishing media, and (ii) exercise control over enantiomers of chiral compounds immediately in the course of their biosynthesis. Thus, there are two main aspects of chiral specificity of the bioorganic world. The first structural aspect is homochirality of informational and functional carriers playing the key role in biological replication, and the second functional aspect is enantioselectivity of functions responsible for replication of homochiral macromolecules.(.....)"

From: Mirror symmetry breaking at the molecular level.

V Avetisov, V Goldanskii

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14331048_Mirror_symmetry_breaking_at_the_molecular_level?ev=pub_cit

Article Mirror symmetry breaking at the molecular level

In the biological informational macromolecules, nucleic acids and proteins, there is a definite specificity for levo amino acids and dextro sugars. Otherwise, in the micromolecular realm there are many examples of deviations. There are various models for the origin of the genetic code but nearly all agree that Glycine was the first amino acid to be encoded, which is non-chiral. With this in mind, it seems reasonable to infer that the homochirality choice was added with the second amino acid encoded, that is Serine in the Self-Referential Model or mainly Alanine in other models. Then, I would think that prebiotic homochirality wold have had limited influence on biology and that biological homochirality is an enzymatic effect. Some questions remain though for the physicists and for all of the general chemistry research including the prebiotics: what is it good for in macromolecules to be homochiral, e. g., for a smooth flow with no kinks, so that this would have been a selective or fitness measure? If an answer is found to support this direction of thinking, would it be better to be left or right and in which contexts? Thank you all for the attention, friends.

Biological systems are transient systems, thermodynamically open, that is, free to exchange energy and matter with the environment, at the phase boundary between order and chaos, whose existence depends on their ability and opportunity to exploit a suitable external power source (biocompatible).  One of the distinguishing characteristics of biological systems is the enantioselectivity, or the ability to strictly select the enantiomeric forms of the molecular species of which they consist. At ultra-microscopic level (elementary particles) chirality is given by the orientation right-handed vs left-handed of the spin (spin-up vs spin-down) and is an intrinsic property of the energetic phenomenon, which does not vary with the varying of the adopted reference system. At this level, what it can vary with varying the reference system is not the chirality but another property often confused with chirality, performed only by particles with mass (i.e. fermions), called helicity. Helicity is the apparent lateralization of a massive particle, and is defined as the projection of the spin along the direction of the momentum vector, the vector that indicates the direction of motion of the particle. When the projection of the spin orientation coincides with the direction of motion of the particle, the particle has left-handed helicity, on the contrary, when it is opposite to the direction of motion of the particle, the particle has right-handed helicity [ See eg.: http://mtdevans.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/OnTheDiscoveryOfSymmetryViolations.pdf; http://www.quantumdiaries.org/2011/06/19/helicity-chirality-mass-and-the-higgs/]. At mesoscopic level (molecular) chirality is the physical ability of some molecules or chemical compounds to rotate to the right (right-handed form) or left (levorotatory form) the plane of linearly polarized light. As such, the chirality (molecular) is a property that may vary with the adopted reference system. The optically active molecules can exist in two isomeric forms, identical to the number and kind of atoms and for the structure, which are one the mirror images and non-overlapping of the other (in the same way as the right hand is the mirror image but not overlapping the left hand: no rotation can transform one into the other enantiomer form, as well as any rotation can transform the shape of a hand in that of the other), called enantiomers (which constitute one of the two categories of configurational stereoisomers), or chiral molecules. Unlike inorganic reactions, which do not seem to give any preference to which enantiomeric form is produced (in the reactions the isomers are produced in equal amounts), the biological reactions are strictly enantioselective or synthesize and always use only one of the  two enantiomeric forms of a given molecule. The enantioselectivity of the biological systems is the reason for their homochirality, namely the presence of groups of molecules which have all the same enantiomeric configuration. In the case of complex macromolecules such as proteins, eg., they may be formed only starting from optically pure amino acids (levorotatory form), and may not be formed starting from a racemic solution.

Speaking of genetic code makes no sense! A cell is a continuous  and recursive production of components that, through the membrane, define the cell itself. Although there are a myriad of subcellular structures within the cell, such as atoms, molecules, macromolecular polymers, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and so on, the properties of the components do not determine the properties of the cell. The cell properties are  relations and interactions properties that are produced and produce its components: there no code and no information going on here! A cell, as self-organized system, can not be understood by studying the properties of its components. Its properties as a whole are determined by the properties of the interaction, non-linear and free of "messages", between the components, that is, by its dynamic organization. A cell is not a telecommunication network and does not meet the telecommunications laws!

Dear Claudio. I think it is advisable to consider that there are no cells known without the nucleoprotein system, settled on top of the genetic code. Autopoiesis might work without such nucleoprotein system, but it would be of a kind different from the known cells. If any of those systems would have been instrumental to the origins of cells, it should be experimentally demonstrated. Thanks for your attention to the macromolecule-based arguing; e. g., would there be some sense to a membrane without them?

Enantioselectivity, homochirality and autopoiesis of biological phenomenon seem to spring with the prebiotic transition of water (?due to the prebiotic intense Earth's magnetic field fluctuations [1], associated to the abundant availability of carbon-12 [2]?) from the liquid phase to the semi-crystalline or glassy phase [3], or clustered [4] and super-coherent [5] state of biological water.

But what is meant by "super-coherent state or phase of water"?

Every object or phenomenon of the quantum dimension is assimilable to a vibrational system that vibrates with a certain frequency configuration, a certain oscillatory or phase modality (rhythm of oscillation) and a certain intensity, maintaining an uninterrupted local and non-local relationship of interference with other vibrational systems. According to QFT (Quantum Field Theory) the phenomena of interference between the oscillatory modalities of the energy flows and impulse involved in the perturbation/excitation of the quantum field give rise to coupling-phase [6] able to trigger the phase transitions that lead, according to QED (Quantum Electrodynamic Field Theory), to the structuring of matter (domains of oscillatory coherence vs domains of oscillatory incoherence). In particular, each localized (in space and/or in time) form of confinement (energetic, massive, subatomic, atomic, supra-atomic, biological, cosmological), ie delimited by a boundary, is a tenso-vibrational micro-environment and corresponds to an oscillator or a resonant cavity (cavity resonator), a stationary system organized around a particular tensorial/frequential configuration of perturbations, existing thanks to the relationships of interference it has with the endogenous and exogenous tenso-vibrational environment [7]. QFT (Quantum Field Theory) has produced a vision of water in its liquid state as a medium, which for a peculiarity of its molecular electronic spectrum reveals itself as an essential medium for long-range interference relationships, being able to change its supramolecular organization in function of the interaction with the environment. The electromagnetic fields that are trapped in the biological water's Coherent Domains (CDs,) and in their coherent matrices [8], produce electromagnetic potentials that regulate the phase of the entire system, which in turn gives rise to selective attractions between the solute molecules.

That is: the phase transition from the ordinary coherent oscillatory domain of water, to that of super-coherence, determines the formation of micro-domains of super-coherent water (EZ, Exclusion Zone), delimited by a semi-crystalline protein foil, containing a limited variety of macromolecules (such as protein and nucleic acids) that vibrate on the electromagnetic field resonant frequencies trapped in the domain of super-coherence [9]. Quoting Pagnotta and Bruni [10]: …..interfacial and intracellular water is directly involved in the formation of amorphous matrices, with glass-like structural and dynamical properties. We propose that this glassiness of water, geometrically confined by the presence of solid intracellular surfaces, is a key characteristic that has been exploited by Nature in setting up a mechanism able to match the quite different time scales of protein and solvent dynamics, namely to slow down fast solvent dynamics to make it overlap with the much slower protein turnover times in order to sustain biological functions.Additionally and equally important, the same mechanism can be used to completely stop or slow down biological processes, as a protection against extreme conditions such as low temperature or dehydration…

[1] See, e.g.: Andrew J. Biggin, The intensity of the geomagnetic field in the late-Archaean: new measurements and an analysis of the updated IAGA palaeointensity database, Earth Planets Space, 61, 9–22, 2009,

http://www.uu.nl/SiteCollectionDocuments/GEO/Peleomagnetism/Biggin_2009_EPS.pdf; David J. Dunlop, Palaeomagnetism: A more ancient shield, Nature, 2007,

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7136/full/446623a.html; John A. Tarduno, Geodynamo, Solar Wind, and Magnetopause 3.4 to 3.45 Billion Years Ago, Science, 2010]

[2] Quoting Richard Merrick (Harmonically Guided Evolution, 2010, http://interferencetheory.com/files/Harmonic_Evolution.pdf) : “All life on Earth is composed mostly of carbon-12 and water. This is the case because carbon-12 bonds or resonates with more simple elements than any other element in the universe. It is for this very reason that carbon-12 is the international standard for atomic weight and all other elements are measured against it. With 6 protons + 6 neutrons in its nucleus and 6 electrons orbiting in two shells, carbon-12 exhibits the lowest possible energy of all the elements and is said to be ‘unbound’, thereby creating the most stable atomic geometry possible. When mixed with water, carbon-12 creates endless chains of sticky amino acids capable of crystallizing into life. This idea of life as a crystallization process is a good one because just as minerals align under pressure into lattices, coils of amino acids fold under pressure into three-dimensional protein structures, aligning into the familiar helical lattice of DNA. It is the geometric pressure of hydrogen atoms in water that helps create the lattice and give DNA its twist. When the 5-fold icosahedral superclusters of water is then combined with the complementary dodecahedral structures of carbon, something very interesting occurs - they resonate with one another to produce the characteristic geometry of life. There is nothing random or arbitrary about this – it is an inevitable outcome of the physics of harmonics acting at the atomic level. Carbon vibrates or resonates with itself and other simple elements to form a wave-like spine while water acts to deaden or ‘damp’ everything into a pentagonal framework.”

[3] See, e.g.: E.H. Zhou, et al., Universal behavior of the osmotically compressed cell and its analogy to the colloidal glass transition, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009

[4] See, e.g.: Ho MW, Large Supramolecular Water Clusters Caught on Camera - A Review, Water Journal, 2014,

http://www.waterjournal.org/uploads/vol6/ho/WATER.2013.12.Ho.pdf

[5] See, e.g.: De Ninno A., Del Giudice E., Gamberale L., Congiu Castellano A., The Structure of Liquid Water Emerging from the Vibrational Spectroscopy: Interpretation with QED Theory, Water Journal, 2014,

http://www.waterjournal.org/uploads/vol6/deninno/WATER.2013.13.DeNinno.pdf

[6] In physics resonance or coupling-phase is a condition under which an oscillating system responds to an alternative driving force with the maximum amplitude. Such condition may exist when the frequency of the driving force matches the natural (non-damped) oscillatory frequency of the system. Thus, in case of an imposed oscillating electromagnetic field, a biological system (e.g., a cell) will respond in a measurable manner only to those exogenous oscillations (i.e. alternative driving force) that match the natural (endogenous) EM oscillations of such system.

[7] The terrestrial environment is to all effects a tenso-vibrational environment and every biological structure/system corresponds to an oscillator/resonant cavity tuned on the particular tenso-vibrational configuration of the environment to which it belongs.

[8] Murugan NJ, Karbowski LM, Persinger MA, Serial pH Increments (~20 to 40 Milliseconds) in Water During Exposures to Weak, Physiologically Patterned Magnetic Fields: Implications for Consciousness, Water Journal, 2014, http://www.waterjournal.org/volume-6/persinger-summary-2

[9] See, e.g.: E. Del Giudice, Role of the electromagnetic field in the formation of domains in the process of symmetry-breaking phase transition, 2006: http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0607594

- E. Del Giudice, Water Respiration - The Basis of the Living State, 2009:

http://www.waterjournal.org/uploads/vol1/voeikov/WATER-Vol1-Voeikov.pdf

- E. Del Giudice, Water Dynamics at The Root of Metamorphosis in Living Organisms, 2010,

http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/2/3/566

[10] S. Pagnotta, F. Bruni, The glassy state of water: A “stop and go” device for biological processes. In: G.H. Pollack et al., Water and the Cell, Eds. Springer Verlag: Heidelberg, German, 2007, pp. 93-112