In social sciences often use concepts that are more abstract and therefore the standardization in measurement is needed following a standard methodology.
Notably, conceptualization and operationalization are two important provisions in doing research.While the former refers to the researcher's ability to invent or formulate a given concept as the initial design of the targeted research , the latter is the process whereby the factors defining the abstract concept are strictly determined in order to convert them into measurable variables allowing the use of a related scale of measurement. In other words, in the process of operationalization, the researcher specifies the tributaries or extensions materializing the concept in order to define its exact nature. Such extensions can be used as independent, dependent, moderator, and control variables influencing the concept one way or the other.
I am not sure if this is what you are asking, but the following papers give overviews of the measurement development process:
Article A Brief Tutorial on the Development of Measures for Use in S...
Article Using multi-item psychometric scales for research and practi...
Article Do we measure leadership effectively? Articulating and evalu...
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